Introduction

Many scientists nowadays believe that global warming is placing certain animal species in jeopardy. They believe that a change in the animals’ ecosystem puts their survival in jeopardy. The polar bear is one of the animals that has been listed as endangered. The scientific community has long questioned if the polar bear is a threatened animal. Polar bear numbers are believed to be declining as a result of global warming, a shortage of food supplies, and Eskimos hunting. Polar bears survive in very cold climates, and their survival is believed to be in danger as a result of human-caused global warming. In America, a lawsuit has been lodged to defend polar bears, which are considered to be vulnerable. In fact, the polar bear population is stable and does not need safety.

Reasons they don’t need protection

The population of polar bear is intact

Before a few decades, the number of polar bears was expected to be somewhat lower; but, in recent years, the population of polar bears has been growing. According to ( Unger)“ Let’s start with what we know. Almost everybody agrees that there are between 20,000 and 25,000 polar bears alive today. Here’s another thing almost everyone agrees on: That number is a whole lot bigger than it was 40 years ago”. Most of the knowledge regarding the polar bear population loss remains speculative. In recent years, residents have seen a larger number of bears than in past years. Some facts regarding the polar bear community are founded on speculation rather than factual proof.

Most people assume that the polar bear survey number is misleading because it includes defects. In the opposite, it has been said that the increasing number of polar bears poses a danger to humans. Bears pose a danger to people who love summer holidays and recreational adventures. “Communities in the Western Hudson Bay region, where harvest quotas were cut by 80% four years ago, are complaining about the number of polar bears,” according to ( Kirk). People will still see as many as 20 polar bears at the ice-flow edge if they gaze out the window,” Flaherty adds. Polar bears do not need threatened protection in such a case.

The Arctic ice is not Melting

Polar bears live in the ice of the Arctic. The loss of Arctic ice as a result of global change has sparked a lot of debate. However, as of 2012, this seems to be a twisted reality, since the arctic ice appears to be thriving. “Sea ice in the Arctic Ocean underwent a sharp recovery this year from the record-low levels of 2012, with 50 percent more ice surviving the summer melt season, scientists said. It is the largest one-year increase in Arctic ice since satellite tracking began in 1978”. And moreover, the polar bears are used to live in less ice as a matter of adaptation. And Arctic ice is can increase and decrease as a natural process and nothing is permanent as change is part of nature.

The satellite monitoring reveled that the ice pack is re-growing. When there is enough arctic ice there is no threat to the life of the polar bears. If there is a natural habitat, then the animals surviving in it are not under threat. Polar bears even can survive with less ice and they have done so in the past. Polar bear is specie that has been living on earth since thousands of years According to scientist the ice is 50 % up that in 2012. The global warming is not a proven fact rather than more of assumption there are many debates on this issue so there is no need of protection for polar bears.

Polar Bears have Enough Food Supply

As people think polar bear do not have scarcity of food supply. Polar bear do not only survive on meat but they adapt to climate change and do eat eggs and berries.  The polar bears also hunt on snow geese.  As per ( Cox)“The polar bear is an opportunistic hunter, always alert to other food sources—including vegetation, geese, and even bird eggs if available. These terrestrial foods do not provide enough calories to sustain them, however. But other arctic marine mammals, including whales, walruses, and narwhals, do provide adequate nutrition for hungry polar bears”. When there are many options for food then there is less chance for the population of the polar bear to decrease. And more over the arctic is not a human touched area and all the food sources available are for the polar bears

Polar bear like any other animal has adaptive skills. They can survive on many species that are available on arctic region. The polar bear have been surviving in the arctic region for long time.  Very less people know that polar bears feed on mushrooms and berries. They have their own adaptive skills and there is plenty of fish in the region for them to survive. Polar bear like any other animal is flexible and can satisfy their appetite with available sources. So there is no reason for us to protect the polar bears as an endangered species.

Polar Bears are Reproducing Well

According to scientific survey, the polar bears are reproducing well and there is rise in their population. Actually, the polar bears are not harmed by any ice melt and their number has increased overall. Polar bear being a polygamous animal can reproduce their species well. According to ( Layton)  “Polar bears aren’t monogamous animals — a strong male might impregnate several females in one season”. Moreover a pregnant polar bear can survive on fat reserves for 9 months which is a good sign of survival. With such a reproductive nature there is less chance for the specie of polar bear to decline. Polar bear is sustaining well and definitely do not need protection as an endangered species.

Polar Bears have no Predators

One of the facts that the population of polar bear is not declining is because it does not have predators. Generally all of the species on earth have predators and that is one of the reason they may decline in number but fortunately, polar bear has no predators and this could conserve their population in a natural manner.   When the animals do not reproduce well, or does not get food supply or has adverse habitat then having predators can make the species extinct. However, with no predators, polar bears do not need protection as endangered species.

Conclusion

The polar bear being tagged as an endangered species is a myth than a reality. For the very same reason, the U>S has not agreed to the petition with regard to conserving them as an endangered animal. There is no credible information or facts which suggest that polar bear population is declining. Polar bear does not spend their time on ice but mostly on water or sea. And regarding the melting of Arctic, there is decrease in ice somewhere in arctic at all times and is a natural process. The survey shows that the polar bear population is growing and they have good food supply and reproducing rate. Moreover, global warming is not an accepted fact as scientist has found that arctic ice is better than past years. Keeping all these facts in mind, polar bears are not under threat they like another animal should be protected but they are definitely not an endangered species but still need to be conserved as a natural asset.

Work Cited

• Cox, Daniel J. “Hunting and Diet.” http://www.polarbearsinternational.org. Polarbears International, 2013. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <http://www.polarbearsinternational.org/about-polar-bears/essentials/hunting-and-eating>.
• Gillis, Justin. “Arctic Ice Makes Comeback From Record Low, but Long-Term Decline May Continue.” http://www.nytimes.com. N.p., 2013. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/21/science/earth/arctic-ice-makes-comeback-from-record-low-but-long-term-decline-may-continue.html?_r=0>.
• Layton, Julia. “How Polar Bear works.” http://science.howstuffworks.com. How Stuff Works, 2013. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/zoology/mammals/polar-bear3.htm>
• Myers, Kirk. “Canada’s growing polar bear population ‘becoming a problem,’ locals say.” http://www.examin er.com. Examiner, Jan. 2010. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <http://www.examiner.com/article/canada-s-growing-polar-bear-population-becoming-a-problem-locals-say>.
• Unger, Zac. “Are Polar Bears Really Disappearing?.” http://online.wsj.com. The Wall Street Journal, 2013. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424 127887323452204578288343627 2  82034>.

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Ecotourism
• Ecotourism Not Promoted As a Major Sector in the UK Tourism Market
• Role and Potential of Ecotourism in the UK
• Examples of the Areas That Can Facilitate To Augment the Potential of Ecotourism in the UK
• Forms of Ecotourism
• Conclusion
• References

Introduction

Tourism is one of the fast growing hospitality sectors in the world. It has a positive impact on the economy of a country and has captured the attention of several countries. However, the growth in tourism might cause relevant threats to the cultural and natural diversity. In this respect, eco-tourism has grown in importance in the global economy over the last few decades. It is primarily relevant in a niche sector and is attempting to achieve long-term growth. Ecotourism differs from other types of travel in that it focuses on the preservation of natural habitats by exchanging information and teaching tourists regarding the value of these properties. According to the writers, wasteland sites and pristine regions are attractive to ecotourism. Ecotourism generates profits by allowing tourists to ride across natural environments while still educating them (Wood, 2002). Ecotourism, on the other hand, will not be able to overtake traditional tourist operations, nor would it be able to maintain a successful sector. This article would use relevant examples to assess the importance of eco-tourism and its failure in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, the potential and function of ecotourism in the United Kingdom, as well as the manner in which it can be implemented, will be decided.

Ecotourism

It is a type of ‘nature-based’ tourism that is an important tool for environmental development by appreciating and adoring natural resources without causing them to be disturbed. It is a valuable mode of transportation since it is useful in informing citizens about the importance of environmental preservation. Ecotourism is a significant portion of tourism as it impacts and contributes for the welfare of the community. It emphasizes educating the people regarding the environment and also contributes to its conservation. The natural environment is the primarily area which is explored due to ecotourism. Ecotourism has helped in developing and creating new areas for tourism which was left unexplored and unreachable. Desert regions and coastal areas that are marginal and underdeveloped are only a handful of the emerging tourist areas that have emerged as a result of ecotourism. For the reason of travel, eco-tourism visits places rich in heritage and encompasses the protected environment. National parks and castles are examples of such places (Wood, 2002; The International Ecotourism Society, 2000).

One of the most significant problems with ecotourism is that it has no guidelines or limits about who may use the term to encourage tourism. It is often misused for the promotion of the tourist sector, and it is used for the purpose of advertisement without ever visiting the natural areas (Wood, 2002).

Ecotourism Not Promoted As a Major Sector in the UK Tourism Market

The main issue with ecotourism in the United Kingdom is the shortage of destinations that are yet to be visited by the tourism industry. Furthermore, the United Kingdom has less natural habitats, such as trees and deserts, that can be discovered and clarified by tourism. Furthermore, the United Kingdom is unlikely to meet the orthodox expectations of small-scale tourism. The role of eco-tourism in the United Kingdom is being impacted by the country’s growing population, as the amount of natural areas decreases as the population grows. According to estimates, the population of the United Kingdom is expected to double by almost 4.3 million by 2018, posing a threat to ecotourism (Office for National Statistics, 2013).

Another important determinant is that a country’s demography has an effect on ecotourism to some degree. Young adults, middle-aged people, and senior citizens make up the majority of ecotourism visitors. The people belonging to these age vicinity usually prefer to go for tourism which is exotic in nature and desire to disburse money on the tourism packages which would entertain them by making them visit wildlife which is not really found in the UK. This has not enabled the UK to promote ecotourism as a major sector of tourism. Additionally, it is not promoted as a major form of tourism as it is more into educating people regarding the areas. Only people with high education and children prefer this form of tourism where they can learn about the different locations while enjoying them. Moreover, the ecotourism based trips’ duration is often 8-15 days which is a long period for any individual to spend and it is not quite cost effective for people as well. Only the people who prefer expedition and love wildlife would favour ecotourism and hence it cannot be promoted as a major sector of tourism in the UK. The amount of money spend can also be a factor that has affected ecotourism in the UK (The International Ecotourism Society, 2000; Tourism Queensland, n.d.).

Role and Potential of Ecotourism in the UK

Ecotourism is gaining importance in recent years in the UK by taking into account the good practices of ecotourism for its long-term sustainability. Ecotourism has a potential to attract “good money” as it has the opportunity to expand travelling to Islands which are filled with beaches free from the crowd. This would enable the UK to make a sustainable profit through ecotourism and improve the ‘health and wealth’ of the country along with the tourism sector. Besides, eco-tourism has a potential to grow in the UK as this category of tourism would follow the conservation ethics while traveling and educating people. Consequently, as a major role played by ecotourism, it can be determined that the people of the island and other areas will be able to earn their livelihood (Cousins, 2006; Mair, 2006). 

The United Kingdom can develop as a potential market for ecotourism because of the changing lifestyle of the people. To feel motivated and to enjoy their leisure time people now are increasingly focusing on ecotourism as it enables to spread tourism with cleanliness and ethics. In the recent years, people now prefer to spend more money on ethical holiday and thus with the changing lifestyle of people, eco-tourism is gaining importance (Lindsay, 2003).

Examples of the Areas That Can Facilitate To Augment the Potential of Ecotourism in the UK

The potential market in the UK can increase for ecotourism with the development of the areas such as the Brecon Beacons, Northumberland and Snowdonia National Park. People who love wildlife would also prefer this form of tourism as it moves around areas such as Paradise Wildlife Park which is located in Broxbourne. It is a well-known zoo which is enjoyed by elderly persons and children. In these areas, the people will be provided with knowledge regarding the breeding programs of the various species. All these areas are becoming amid the most important attractions for the people in the UK and other travellers. Ecotourism has also helped in enhancing the efforts of the people to maintain these areas. In this context Reynolds and Braithwaite have enacted a framework that illustrates the prevailing association between ecotourism and wildlife. Among the categories highlighted by Reynolds and Braithwaite, nature-based tourism would the most beneficial aspect that can enable to enhance ecotourism by a considerable extent (Fennell, 2007). Thus, in order to uphold the expectations of ecotourism, the parks are required to become more green and sustainable as the people are becoming aware and conscious about the environment. Paradise Park in the UK has become one of the major attractions for the people due to its fresh environment and the cleanliness which can aid ecotourism. Therefore, it can be stated that these areas are coming into focus due to ecotourism and they are providing earnings for  people in the local areas and thus helping the economy as well (The International Ecotourism Society, 2012; National Park, 2013).

Forms of Ecotourism

Ecotourism has a positive impact on the environment and helps in maintaining the beauty of the nature. The purpose of ecotourism is to help in reducing the exploitation of the natural environment. It intends to develop the areas and improve the infrastructure of these areas to facilitate the local habitants. There are various forms of tourism which promote international and domestic tourism. It can be stated that one of the major forms of ecotourism is “green tourism” which takes into account the environment while traveling. The type of tourism provides services such as awareness programs while visiting locations and also develops green networks. Due to all these facilities provided by green tourism as a part of ecotourism, it can be promoted by the UK government to ensure safety of the environment. Green tourism would enable to promote the nature and the culture of the country. It would help in reducing the carbon footprints and believes in the concept of ‘Go Green’. If this is promoted in the UK, it would enable to reduce the pollution and enhance the experience of the people while travelling as they would be able to enjoy the nature to the fullest. It would also help to bring the people close to the nature without damaging the environment. It takes steps in protecting the wildlife, plants and other natural resources. All these steps might motivate people and make them cherish the craft of the local people of these areas (The Green Tourism, 2013).

Preservation of the culture is a crucial constituent of green tourism as it facilitates in providing the experience of the heritage sites which promotes the cultural values of the UK. Eco-tourism promotes tourists to enjoy the nature, love it and assists them in exhibiting commitment towards environmental protection. Moreover, it allows people to enjoy the cultural value of the country along with the scenic beauty. If eco-tourism is promoted more aggressively in the UK, it will be able to provide all the benefits of green tourism and make the experience an unforgettable one for the tourists who have come to visit the natural areas of the UK (Font & Wood, 2007).

Conclusion

Ecotourism is an adventurous form of tourism which helps in promoting the cultural heritage of the UK by visiting its natural resources such as national park and islands. It has the features of sustainability as it attracts people to visit the natural areas while educating them regarding the importance of the areas. Ecotourism has not been able to be the major part of the tourism sector in the UK because of certain limitations. However, with the modernised form of the ecotourism, it is gaining importance in the United Kingdom. Ecotourism is not being promoted in the UK because of a lack of the existing areas. Nonetheless, the trend is changing in the UK and the people are becoming more interested in this form of tourism to enjoy the environment and the aura associated with it. 

References

• Cousins, J.A., 2006. The Role of UK-Based Conservation Tourism Operators. Tourism Management, Vol. 28, pp.1020–1030.
• Font, X., & Wood M.E., 2007. Sustainable Tourism Certification Marketing and its Contribution to SME Market Access. CAB International, pp. 147-163.
• Fennell, D., 2007. Ecotourism. Routledge.
• Lindsay, H.E., 2003.   Ecotourism: the Promise and Perils of Environmentally-Oriented Travel. Review Article. [Online] Available at: http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/ecotour/overview.php [Accessed December 19, 2013].
• Mair, J., 2006. Eco-tourism: A Sustainable Trade? BBC. [Online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6179901.stm [Accessed December 19, 2013].
• National Park, 2013. National Park Facts And Figures. Physical Facts And Figures. [Online] Available at: http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/learningabout/whatisanationalpark/factsandfigures  [Accessed December 19, 2013].
• Office For National Statistics, 2013. Statistical Bulletin: National Population Projections, 2012-Based Statistical Bulletin. Population Projection. [Online] Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/npp/national-population-projections/2012-based projections/stb-2012-based-npp-principal-and-key-variants.html?format=print [Accessed December 19, 2013].
• The International Ecotourism Society, 2000. Ecotourism Statistical Fact Sheet. General Tourism Statistics, pp. 1-5.
• The Green Tourism, 2013. Green Tourism. Services. [Online] Available at: http://www.green-tourism.com/business/services/destinations/ [Accessed December 19, 2013].
• Tourism Queensland, No Date. The UK Ecotourism Market. Eco tourist Definition, pp. 1-6.
• The International Ecotourism Society, 2012. Eco Destinations – UK. United Kingdom. [Online] Available at: http://www.ecotourism.org/united-kingdom [Accessed December 19, 2013].
• Wood, M. E., 2002. Ecotourism: Principles, Practices & Policies for Sustainability.  Ecotourism, pp. 5-59.

Introduction

The idea of family in American society has dramatically evolved over the past several decades. A diverse spectrum of family dynamics is emerging in society. Single parent households, same-sex parent families, and ‘adoptive families,’ which refers to any family that lawfully adopts one or more children from other families, are among them. Adoption is one of the newest developments in American families. Adoption is becoming more common in American society. White parents and non-white children are common in adoptive communities, as are non-white families with white children. Adoption is the mechanism through which an individual assumes parental responsibility for a child who is not his or her biological child, thus transferring all parental rights from the biological parents (Brodzinsky & Jess 37). After the 1900s, statistics show that the acceptance rate has increased. In 1944, for example, there were 50,000 adoptions completed in the United States. In 1970, the United States has the largest rate of adoptions, with 175,000 children being adopted. According to the US Census Bureau, about 128,000 Americans were adopted in 2000 (Brodzinsky & Jess 44). The overall adopted population of the United States was 2,058,915 in the same year.

An Overview of Adoption and Its Effects

Adoption is divided into two types. There are two types of adoption: transparent adoption and closed adoption. Adoptive and birth parents collaborate during the parenting period, which is known as open adoption. With this form of adoption, the adoptive child has the opportunity to meet her biological parents and can receive visits from them on a regular basis. This, though, must be decided upon by both the adoptive and biological parents (Healey 56). There could also be a formal agreement between the two sets of parents about how the infant should be cared for. The two sets of parents will communicate and exchange details regarding the infant through an open adoption. Open adoption provides an infant with an immediate family in which both the adoptive and birth parents are involved with the child’s existence. Despite the difficulties that come with open adoption, statistics show that it is becoming more common in the United States (Healey 60).

Closed adoption hides all identification information. No information on the biological parents, the child, or the adoptive parents is divulged to the other party. The biological parents never know who adopted their child while the adoptive parents also do not get to know the biological parents of their adopted child or children. To ensure total secrecy of the adoption process in the closed type of suggestion, there was a practice where parents who wanted their children adopted were asked to leave their babies somewhere where they can be picked and given to parents who want to adopt a child (Brodzinsky and Jesús 24). Closed type of adoption works best when the adopted child is still an infant. This ensures that the child has no knowledge of his/her biological. This is normally done to avoid distress among the adopted children because of being taken away from their families.

Legal Issues Involved With Adoption

A host of rules governing the adoption process have been passed by the federal government. One of the laws concerns the consent to adoption. The law provides that the biological parents are the one who possess the right to consent on the adoption of the child. However, in the absence of the parents, or in a situation where the parents are not a capacity to make decisions, other legal entities such as an agency that acts as the custodian, a guardian of the child and the ruling by the court. There are however also other instances where the adoption of a child can be revoked. The law allows the revocation of an adoption under certain circumstances (Verbrugge 95). One of the circumstances under which the law provides that the adoption is revoked is when the adoption is through fraud. This is can be a case where there is false provision of information pertaining the child or the parents. Another circumstance where revocation of an adoption is allowed by the law is when there is mutual consent between biological and adoptive parents that the adoption should be revoked. This works only under open adoption.

A judge may still seek to cancel an adoption if it is determined that it is not in the child’s best interests. For instance, adoption may affect a child negatively. This is especially if the child is adopted at an older age. If it is realized that the child is finding it hard to fit in the new family and it is stressing him/her, the court may allow the revoke of the adoption (Jerry & Bacon 78). Revocation of an adoption can also occur in a situation where there was an agreement between biological and adoptive parents that the adoption can be revoked within a certain period. If one of the parents feels that it is necessary to revoke the adoption within that time frame, then court allows for the adoption to be revoked.

Another law that pertains adoption is the infant safe haven law. This law provides that mothers can leave their babies at designated places for adoption. Throughout the US in all states, there are specific places where mothers can go and leave their babies if they wish their babies to be adopted. These places are known as safe havens for babies. The law provides that it is only mothers who can be allowed to take babies to the safe havens (Fisanick 74). This allows the babies to be given to good families for adoption. There are also laws that protect adopted children against child abuse. They include Adoption and Safe Families Act, Child Abuse Amendments, Child Abuse Prevention Act, and Keeping Children and Families Safe Act. These acts and laws are aimed at ensuring that children, whether adopted or living with their biological parents are protected from violence and abuse. Such laws ensure that adoptive parents do not abuse and mistreat their adopted children.

Ethical Issues in Adoption

Adoption has a number of ethical issues that normally emerge. In a society where adoption is an accepted practice, some people go to great lengths to adopt a child. This includes using dubious means to obtain a child. One of the ethical issues in child adoption in the American society is baby buying and selling. Some desperate couples resort to buying babies in the name of adoption (Verbrugge 34). Unscrupulous judges who give couples the go ahead to adopt children without even assessing their suitability as parents normally aid this. Other people also engage in baby trade in the pretense of offering their babies for adoption. Young women, for example, take advantage of this chance to profit from unexpected pregnancies. Young people get pregnant solely to sell their babies after they are born. Some dishonest individuals have turned the adoption problem into a corporation (Verbrugge 38).

There’s still the question of federal assistance. Adoptive parents often receive financial assistance from the federal government when they adopt an infant. Any citizens are taking advantage of this chance to take advantage of the government. Some pass themselves off as true adoptive parents. Any of them are eventually allowed to adopt an infant. However, their primary goal is to obtain welfare support rather than to adopt the boy. Such parents end up neglecting their adopted child because the money given to adoptive parents for fostering society’s unfortunate children is more important to them than the child (Brodzinsky and Jesus142). Adoption expenses have also been listed as an ethical concern in the adoption process. Adopters would pay the sliding rates in order to adopt an infant. Some contend, though, that this is a kind of baby sale since it entails the paying of a fee to adopt an infant. As a result, several states have outlawed this charge. In the state of Pennslavania, for example, couples do not have to pay anything to adopt an infant.

The problem of transracial adoption remains the most contentious topic in the adoption process. This subject has ignited a lot of debate on whether or not it is the right course of action. Couples raising children of different races was known as transracial adoption. This is particularly true for white parents who adopt children of other races. Some claim that in order to raise an infant, the parent must express unconditional affection to the child. Some contend that love alone is insufficient, especially when the adoptive child is of a different ethnicity. Transracial adoption proponents contend that there is little inconsistent with the procedure, claiming that infants will quickly transition to a situation in which their parents are of a different ethnicity (Hiber 96). They claim that it is the adoptive parents’ responsibility to guarantee that the adopted child blends in along with the rest of the family. They often contend that an adopted child, particularly if adopted at a young age, would not experience any lack of identification or culture. This is since, according to them, culture is not about an individual’s origins, but rather about the setting in which he or she is raised.

Opponents of transracial adoption contend that it separates the adoptive infant from his or her familiar life. As a consequence, the infant loses his or her culture and personality. Another effect of transracial adoption, according to this community, is emotional distress. They say that infants who are raised by parents of various races are usually overwhelmed when they grow up. This is because they are mindful of the gaps that exist between themselves and their adoptive parents (Brodzinsky and Jesus 37). This difference makes these children to start seeking for identity and this leads to distress. Other people see transracial adoption as a way for white people to get double benefits. These people view the move by white people to adopt children as a hypocritical way of trying to show that they are good and virtuous. These skeptical groups read mischief in this gesture rather than just a kind gesture of wanting to take care of an unfortunate child (Russell 93). Others go to an extent of claiming that this is a move to atone for the mistreatment the whites have subjected the black people to. Generally, the issue of adoption has resulted to a number of ethical issues and debates on how best the process should be carried out.

Apart from adoption that is done on children with their biological parents and abandoned children, there is also adoption from foster homes. Some people look for children in foster homes for adoption. Most of the children who end up in foster homes are the ones that were mostly abandoned or those who lived with abusive parents (Verbrugge 60). Some of the parents who give up their children to foster homes are drug addicts, making them unfit for taking care of these children. Some of these parents are forced by the government to relinquish their rights as parents (Verbrugge, 66).

Adoption from foster homes has also its benefits and challenges. One of the benefits is that it eases the burden of the government. The government spends a lot of money to run children homes. Adoption of these children therefore the burden on the government because the care shifts from the government to individuals.

Conclusion

In conclusion, adoption has become a part of everyday life especially in the American culture. A lot of children are adopted and raised in the normal families. Any of these children would have been abandoned and destitute if they hadn’t been adopted. Adoption takes legal processes meaning that it is being advocated by the government especially from the Acts mentioned in the paper. There are some advantages of adopting a child. However, there are few set backs especially on the issue of transracial adoption where critics argue that it removes these children from familiar environments. However, there have been several instances of effective transracial adoptions. All in all adoption is aimed at giving these kids a better life in a normal family. They grow in a healthy manner and eventually become responsible adults.

Works Cited

• Brodzinsky, David, and Jesús Palacios. Psychological Issues in Adoption: Research and Practice. Westport: Praeger, 2005. Print. Brodzinsky, David M, Anne B. Dudley,
• Fisanick, Christina. Issues in adoption. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Print.
• Healey, Justin. Adoption Issues. Thirroul, N.S.W: The Spinney Press, 2011. Print.
• Hiber, Amanda. Are Adoption Policies Fair? Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Print.
• Jerry, Johnson. Allyn& Bacon Casebook series, ISBN 0205389546, xii, 122 Adoption, Social case work, Child welfare, Family social work 2007, Print.
• Russell, Marlou. Adoption Wisdom: A Guide to the Issues and Feelings of Adoption. Santa   Monica, Calif: Broken Branch Productions, 2006. Print.
• Verbrugge, Allen. Adoption. Farmington Hills: Greenhaven Press/Thomson Gale, 2006.   Print.

Content

• Content
• Keywords
• Introduction
• Development of 3D Printing
  • Its Invention
  • The Trend of 3D Printing.
• Dominant Companies in the 3D Printing Industry
• Specific Application of 3D Printing in the Medical Industry
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Appendices

Abstract

There have been tremendous advances to the manufacturing sector since the advent of 3D printing technology in the 1980s. This technology’s steady advancement has allowed the development of “ground-breaking” prototypes in the automobile, aerospace, medical, and other industries. Via the analysis of secondary sources, this study attempted to assess the effect of 3d printing in the medical industry. It was discovered that major advancements had been made in the development of human tissues, lungs, and body pieces. However, there have been significant problems in the longevity of certain organs as well as the growth of complex organs like the heart. However, there is enormous promise in this area, and medical researchers will undoubtedly continue to make groundbreaking discoveries.

Key Words

3D Printing: It is the method of turning computer models into 3D physical structures of some form. Often referred to as additive engineering.

Stereolithography: The technology that allows for the development of 3D plastic prototypes.

Product life cycle: An observational market paradigm that describes the phases of a commercial product’s development cycle.

Intellectual Property Rights: Rights obtained by a person due to a creation of their mind

Patents: Exclusive rights given to an inventor for limited periods in exchange for disclosure of the invention

Prototype: An initial sample of a product developed to test a process or a concept

Prosthetics: Artificial body parts

Introduction

3D printing has had a great impact in the manufacturing industry throughout the years. For a long time, this technology was preserved for large businesses due to the prohibitive costs. However, in recent years the cost of lower-end printers has drastically reduced, bringing this technology to the mainstream. For instance, the cost of consumer-level printers has declined from $110,000 to a low of $350. These machines must have made their way into fashion catwalks, hospitals, kitchens, school and other institutions bringing immense changes in the world.

This research report seeks to identify the trend of 3D printing in the manufacturing technology currently and the influence it has had on the medical field. Therefore, the research shall utilize various secondary sources such as peer-reviewed journals and books to evaluate the trend, pricing, patents, IPRs, standards investigations, the product life cycle, and the future prospects of the 3D printing technology.

Development of 3D Printing

• Its Invention

According to Corbett and Katz (2012), Charles Hull developed the stereolithography in 1984, which comprised a layered media that build up 3D objects from a digital file. However, this technology and its systems were very expensive and were largely used in the development of automotive, aerospace and medical products. One of the oldest 3D printing methods, which still remains popular, is SLA (Stereolithography) and is used in rapid prototyping. 3D Systems developed the method in 1992. Apart from creating prototypes for clients, the company also sells SLA machines for use in various enterprises and manufacturing. Other companies such as Stratasys also developed and patented the FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) process used in 3D printing. There are numerous companies that provide cheap and quickly produced prototypes (Yu, 2010., p.10).

There are various real-life examples of projects that would have not materialized were it not for the invention of 3D printing. For instance, an engineering company Solid Concepts developed a 3D printed gun and has endeavoured to demonstrate that it works effectively as other guns from factories. The project coordinator has already proven that it can fire 50 rounds and plans to demonstrate that it can do 500 rounds (Daileda, 2013). On the other hand, DUS architects are in the process of developing a house using a purpose-built 60 metres tall printer. The developers have already started the production process and plan to complete the entire fascia by the end of the year (O’Ceallaigh, 2013).

In the medical field, patients could be saved the long waits for organ transplants with improvement in the development of 3D-printed organs. In the recent past, regenerative medicine experts have been able to develop tiny organ chunks. 3D printing technology has provided precision and speed in the development of replacement skin and body parts (Beane, 2010). These experts hope that eventually they will be able to develop full-size organs such as kidneys, livers and hearts. The use of 3D printing in medicine experiences varied levels of difficulties that range from the easiest being development of flat structures such as the skin, developing tubular structures such as blood vessels, hollow organs such as the stomach, to organs with many organ interactions and complex functions such as the heart. However, there was significant progress in 1999 when a group of medics developed and implanted bladders into a group of patients (Hsu, 2013).

With the increased confidence that medics could use 3D print human organs, a group of scientists from China initiated a program that resulted in the successful printing of several living kidneys in 2002. While printing in the past had been done using bio-ink, the replicated kidney tissue had was not vital. This necessitated the creation of living or vital organs, it would rule out the possibility of 3D printed transplants. Therefore, the Chinese breakthrough was significant. However, there were still reservations about the suitability of such organs for transplantation. Although they were living, they only had a lifespan that lasted four months, which was a hindrance to offering permanent solutions for patients with kidney failure (Druce-McFadden, 2013).

• The Trend of 3D Printing

The recent developments in 3D printing has seen the development of phenomenal equipment that range from shoes, bikes, exoskeletons, clothes, skulls, guns, amongst many other things. Even President Obama has acknowledged that it is a revolutionary technology that everything operates and save his country’s economy. Recently, the hottest trends in 3D printing have involved experiments in making colossal objects. This involves huge time and money resources, which is a possible venture. However, the main challenge is the physical limitations of the existent 3D printers available in the market (Estes, n.d.).

Nonetheless, there have been significant and exciting innovations in 3D printing hardware. Young innovators are leading the way, especially college students that conducting experiments on devices with ‘out-of-the-box’ printing capacities. For instance, an approach that heavily borrows the robotic arms techniques, deposits polymers in a precise and organized manner rather than screwing or welding. Another method is named the MPTP (Mobile Printing Test Platform) that lumbers around the structure’s perimeter and pours material that makes the walls thus making layers of the structure. This forms the beginning of a revolutionary work by designers and architects. As the technology increases, their imagination is bound to explode and exponentially increase their ambition. Conversely, there has been a substantial increase in the attention that 3D printing as a topic attracts, as indicated below in this chart.

Figure 1: Google topic trends indicating increased attention in ‘3D printing’ http://disruptiveinnovation.se/?tag=3d-printing

In future, the 3D printing technology is expected to grow to allow the printing of precious metals such as gold. Furthermore, the various players should develop low-cost techniques for usage with commonly available materials such as plastic and paper. In the medical field, the technology’s growth should lead to the development of vital replacements human organs and body parts to be used in transplants. 3D printing is a relatively new industry that is bound to grow rapidly with the increasing adoption by different users. It is a highly competitive industry that stems from process knowledge, pricing, product development, and the capacity to match customers’ needs. Some of the major players include Stratasys, Objet, MakerBot, HP Development Co., 3D Systems and EOS GmbH. On the other hand, the global market in the 3D printing is forecasted to hit the 2.99 billion dollar mark by 2018 due to introduction of new applications, approaches and technologies (PRWeb, 2012). Therefore, 3D printing is still in the initial stages of the growth stage in its life cycle. As will be learnt, 3D’s success, especially in medical applications, is very much reliant on continuous research by established firms. In as such, very few medics or hospitals have been able to apply it to help in addressing variant health concerns by their patients. Notably, even with the development of such organs as kidneys and the heart, it is postulated that the technology will not be used to treat humans for at least 10 more years (International Conference Focusing on Polymers Used in the Medical Industry, & Rapra Technology Limited, 2001). This period will be used for proper and sufficient development of technology as is required for any curative or rehabilitative measure applied in humans. This lengthy period is also a result of the investors’ reluctance to commit their money in projects that are not likely to promise a continuous revenue stream for at least a decade. Such measures are likely to hinder the development. Overall, these factors point to a product that is yet to reach full market acceptance.  In the context of the product life cycle, this is a product that is yet to reach maturity and is very much still in the development phase.

Figure 2: 3D Printing Technology Product Life Cycle

Dominant Companies in the 3D Printing Industry

One of the most dominant firms that deal in 3D printing in medical research and practice is Organovo. The company develops human tissues through its bioprinting system that enables it to create 3D tissues that suitably reproduces native tissues. Its bio-printing technology is based on an automated platform that allows fabrication, testing and systematic identification of tissue geometrics in order to select a winning combination through functional and histological results (PRWeb, 2012). It focuses on the development of various disease models and tissues for therapeutic or research uses. So far, Organovo has been able to produce liver-tissue prototypes that have similar features to the original tissues. However, their liver tissues can only be live for five days. The company’s ultimate objective is to develop a full-size human liver. However, Organovo, just like other 3D printing companies, have to use cells from the patient in question to make sure that the ‘outcome’ is fully compatible with the body system (Organovo, n.d.).

Organovo has a management team that has a combined experience of over 100 years in the industry. The management’s aim is to introduce drastic changes and be a leading innovation company in medical research. Currently, Organovo is experimenting with the 3D printing of blood vessels with a diameter of one millimetre. The company boasts of an enviable group of scientific advisers under its employment. This group consists of numerous scientific pioneers who have specialized in the field of tissue engineering. This group of advisors has published more than 600 journal articles on this topic between them. However, the company still faces some limitations in the lack of stable and safe materials and the availability of cells. The complex vascular structure made up of blood, organs, and tissues also presents a difficult environment for the developed tissues and organs to survive in the human body.

Specific Application of 3D Printing in the Medical Industry

Apart from the development of human tissues, the 3D printing technology has been instrumental in the creation of body parts. For instance, medical practitioners have been able to develop an artificial ear for the treatment of congenital deformities such as microtia, which results from underdeveloped ears or replacing parts of an ear that have been lost through an accident or ailment. This provides a wonderful alternative to rib grafts that are normally painful, and results in-ears that are neither natural-looking functional. In this case, a normal human ear is scanned and a mould developed using the 3D printer. The mould is then injected with collagen that forms the scaffold for the development of cartilage (Chalcraft, 2013).

Additionally, this technology has been applied in the healthcare industry for some while. For instance, various firms have developed custom hearing aids as well as in the creation of alternatives to stationary dental brace (Gibson, 2006.p.61). For instance, Invisalign is a company that develops these alternatives and prints about 60,000 sets of custom-made moulds each day that a wearer can change fortnightly to realign their teeth. Furthermore, the technology has also found another application as a visualization tool in the planning stages of a surgery procedure. For instance, doctors can scan a fractured arm or a heart and print it to allow them to study the anatomy before the actual operation (Analoui, 2012.p.12-15). Additionally, there has been a case where an old lady obtained a new jaw after losing it to an infection. This was a good reprieve for the octogenarian who could not undergo reconstructive surgery because of her advanced age.

3D printing technology has immense potential to disabled persons. For example, Magic Arms has developed assistive devices that assist a child who was born with arthrogryposis to use her hands. This technology has widely revolutionized the use of prosthetics (Beutel et al 2000.p.128). Currently, various 3D printed prosthetics coverings can be personalized and worn with the existent prosthetic. In this case, the complete leg is scanned to make sure the covering is symmetrical, and the customization is performed to ensure basic fairing (Chalcraft, 2013).

Conclusion

3D printing technology has immensely influenced the manufacturing industry, although it is still at the initial stages of the growth stage in its product life cycle. As noted in this study, the application of 3D technology in the medical industry has helped greatly in designing human body parts such as prosthetic limbs, repairing the skin, designing skulls, among other human organs. These have proved to be very efficient considered to formative means of organ development or replacement. Going forward, there is cause for excitement as the design and development of live organs such as the heart takes centre stage. We can all envision a situation where implants will be possible without the current level of effort and strain. The clearest thing now is that 3D technology is bound to have a much greater impact in the medical field that it is presently the case.

Bibliography:

• Analoui, M., Bronzino, J.D. and Peterson, D.R. (2012). Medical Imaging: Principles and Practices. New York: CRC Press.
• Beane, A. (2012). 3D Animation Essentials. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
• Beutel, J., Kim, Y., Kundel, H. L., & VanMetter, R. L. (2000). Display and PACS. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press.
• Chalcraft, E., 2013. One day it will be possible to 3D print a human liver. [Online]
• Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2013/05/19/3d-printing-organs-medicine-print-shift/
• [Accessed 12 Dec 2013].
• Corbett, A. C. & Katz, J. A., 2012. Entrepreneurial action. Bingley, UK: Emerald.
• Daileda, C., 2013. First 3D-printed metal gun fires 50 rounds and counting. [Online]
• Available at: http://mashable.com/2013/11/11/3d-printed-metal-gun/
• [Accessed 12 Dec 2013].
• Druce-McFadden, C., 2013. Tiny kidneys are the world’s first 3D printed living organs. [Online]
• Available at: http://www.dvice.com/2013-9-9/tiny-kidneys-are-worlds-first-3d-printed-living-organs
• [Accessed 12 Dec 2013].
• Estes, A. C., n.d.. The newest trend in 3D printing is huge, Literally. [Online]
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• Gibson, I. (2006). Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Medical Applications: Reverse Engineering, Software Conversion and Rapid Prototyping. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
• Hsu, J., 2013. 3D printed organs may meanend to waiting lists, deadly shortages. Huffington Post, 9 Sept.
• International Conference Focusing on Polymers Used in the Medical Industry, & Rapra Technology Limited. (2001). Medical polymers 2001: Two-day conference. Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Rapra Technology.
• O’Ceallaigh, J., 2013. The world’s first 3D-printed house. [Online]
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• Organovo, n.d.. Structurally and functionally accurate bioprinted human tissue models. [Online]
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• Yu, F. (2010). Three-dimensional model analysis and processing. Berlin: Springer.

Table of Contents

• Brief Synopsis of the Issue
• Recommendations
• Background
• Research on the Assessment Topic
• Arguments in Support of the Recommendation(s)
• Arguments Against the Recommendation(s)
• Implementation of the Recommendations
• References

Brief Synopsis of the Issue

Auspak Avocados, trading as Avocados Export Company (AEC) is one of the biggest exporters of fresh quality avocados to the international business markets. The company operates its business in various regions of the world and might tend to expand its business in Netherlands due to its stronger financial condition and also for raising need of nutritious fruits in the nation. AEC has been given several recommendations in order for it to be competitive in exporting avocados to the Dutch business markets. Furthermore, some challenges that the company could face when exporting the fruit have been depicted, especially in the Dutch business sector. It can be seen that if the above guidelines are followed to the letter, AEC would be able to export avocados to the Netherlands’ business markets with maximum viability and productivity.

Recommendations

AEC may wish to extend its operations in other parts of the world after demonstrating its ability and broad capture of the Middle and South-East Asian business sector. In a similar vein, an export strategy for the company’s plan to export avocado to a specific European country, such as the Netherlands, will be produced. The Netherlands is often regarded as one of the world’s wealthiest countries, with a higher per capita income. These factors combine to render the Netherlands an unattractive export destination, especially for health-related products such as avocado. Even comparison to other vegetables, avocado is unquestionably one of the most healthy. Considering that most countries search out nutritious food goods, the Netherlands may be an ideal location for the export of fresh avocados. The Dutch citizens are also known to be health-conscious, which has led to AEC’s support for exporting this commodity to the targeted European country of Netherlands. It seems that both countries have improved foreign trading relations, which would help in the export of the commodity to the desired country (CBI Market Information Database, n.d.).

Background

Auspak Avocados, a company based in Australia, was founded in 2009 with the goal of being a market leader, especially in the export of fresh avocados from Australia. Avocados Export Company (AEC) is based in Brisbane, Queensland, and is operated by a consortium of avocado producers, packers, and marketers from around Australia. In order to ensure greater consumer loyalty, the firm has been shown to recruit technology-driven suppliers and use new manufacturing facilities. The corporation prefers to establish and maintain effective corporate relationships built on mutual confidence and respect. With a focus on exporting fresh avocados to foreign business markets, the firm accounts for approximately 60% of Australian avocado supply. The AEC has established itself as a major player in Asia’s South and Middle East regions. Furthermore, in terms of production, cost, and availability of avocados to foreign customers, in the export market, the company has developed itself as a global pioneer. The high quality of Australian avocados indicates a high market for this fruit in all parts of the world. Avocados are also being exported from AEC to Singapore, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Malaysia, and Hong Kong. The company’s distribution infrastructure has helped it become a dependable year-round supplier of high-quality avocados. In order to guarantee the delivery of high-quality goods to consumers all around the globe, the organization employs effective tactics. Year-round supply, direct shipping of avocados from packers, labeling and packing the stock according to consumer desires, and introducing an automated supply chain protocol are among these techniques (Auspak Avocados, 2011).

Research on the Assessment Topic 

Arguments in Support of the Recommendation(s)

As previously mentioned, Netherlands is regarded as one of the richest nations throughout the globe due to its greater per-capita income and broader conduct of international trade. Specially mentioning, the nation possesses a prosperous and an open economy, relying largely upon performing foreign trades effectively. The economy of Netherlands has broadly been impacted by unchanging industrial relations, low employment and inflation (Central Intelligence Agency, 2013). It can be affirmed that all these significant factors eventually contribute in making the nation an idle place for conducting business and international trade (The World Bank, 2013). Based on the above analysis made regarding the economy of Netherlands, it can be concluded that through having a strong economy and high per capita income, the people belonging to Netherlands can afford in purchasing high quality and costly fruits like avocado. Also, the people of Netherlands are viewed to be health and nutrition conscious, which would eventually result in raising the demand of avocado in the respective business markets of the nation. According to the report published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Netherlands, the public consumption of avocados in the year 2010 was 30 thousand tonnes, indicating a huge demand and market for this particular fruit. However, this consumption reduced in the years 2008 and 2009 and gradually increased in the year 2010 (CBI Market Information Database, n.d.).

Netherlands, being vastly reliant on foreign trade possesses a direct interest and a tendency to seek a stable international legal order. Both the countries are often found to exchange their values along with views and maintain a better affiliation with each other despite of facing wide assortment of global issues. Correspondingly, Australia and Netherlands have several common international trade policies. Thus, it can be affirmed that the above discussed facets would ultimately impose considerable impact upon AEC towards exporting avocado in diverse business markets of Netherlands (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, n.d.). 

Arguments Against the Recommendation(s)

As a result of the preceding debate, it can be affirmed that the financial standing of Netherlands would provide active support to AEC in exporting along with marketing avocados especially in the Dutch business markets. However, certain crucial concerns might hinder the company towards successfully exporting the fruit in the business markets of the respective region. In this regard, one of the imperative concerns is the price. It can be viewed in this similar concern that the price of avocados is kept on fluctuating in Netherlands. For example, the price of avocados in the year 2010 was amounted to € 1.41 per kilo. After this period, the price of avocados has increased every year by 2.8% per kilo. Based on the fluctuating price, the traders used to drop down their prices of avocados and clear the stocks that are made available in their respective stores. However, if AEC start exporting avocados to Netherlands, the fear of falling down in the prices of this fruit can affect the performance of the company. Moreover, if the price of avocados falls down extensively, AEC might face a huge loss. Therefore, the fluctuating price of the fruit can be duly considered as one of the major challenges that AEC might face while exporting the fruit to the business markets of Netherlands. Specially mentioning, apart from price, the significant concern of quality can also affect AEC in exporting avocados to Netherlands successfully. It can be said in this regard that any quality problem may prevent avocado suppliers and growers from continuing to export their product. The increased level of business market competition might also hinder AEC towards successfully exporting avocados in the business markets of Netherlands. As avocados are not produced in Netherlands, a huge number of importers are often observed to remain active in the nation. In Netherlands, avocados are often viewed to be sold by the retail chains. These chains can provide a tough competition to the external players like AEC. Thus, it can be affirmed that if AEC desire to penetrate into the Dutch market in the form of exporting avocados, the company require addressing along with mitigating the above discussed crucial factors by a considerable extent (CBI Market Information Database, n.d.).

Implementation of the Recommendations

As per the above analysis, it can be affirmed that AEC might face certain critical challenges while exporting avocados in the business markets of Netherlands. These challenges can be related to price, quality and most vitally intensified business market competition among others. As both the countries possess better trade relations and exchanges their own values along with beliefs, it is quite possible to mitigate the above identified challenges by a certain degree. As per the export strategy in relation to price, AEC can opt for penetration pricing strategy by taking into concern the fluctuating prices of avocados in the business markets of Netherlands. This particular strategy would eventually support the company towards exporting huge volume of avocados in the respective nation having low margins. With regard to export strategy linked with quality, AEC can opt for making ethical decisions by taking into concern any sort of ethical issue persisting in the process of exporting avocados in the business markets of Netherlands. In order to cope up with the challenge regarding intensified business market competition, the company can evaluate and analyse the financial, competitive and legal along with political conditions of the nation and formulate suitable strategies accordingly.  It is worth mentioning that AEC must form and develop effective logistics system, supply chain procedure along with performing cross-border collaboration with the intention of distributing avocados in the business markets of Netherlands effectively (Kumar, 2005).

References

• Auspak Avocados, 2011. Our Company. Home. [Online] Available at: http://www.avozexports.com/index-1.html [Accessed December 17, 2013].
• CBI Market Information Database, No Date. Fresh Avocados in The Netherlands. Ministery of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. [Online] Available at: http://www.cbi.eu/system/files/marketintel/2011_Fresh_avocados_in_The_Netherlands.pdf [Accessed December 17, 2013].
• Central Intelligence Agency, 2013. The World Fact Book. Netherlands. [Online] Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nl.html#Econ [Accessed December 17, 2013].
• Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, No Date. Netherlands Country Brief. Australian Government. [Online] Available at: http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/netherlands/netherlands_country_brief.html/ [Accessed December 17, 2013].
• Kumar, A., 2005. Export and Import Management. Excel Books India.\
• The World Bank, 2013. Ease of Doing Business in Netherlands. International Finance Corporation. [Online] Available at: http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/netherlands/[Accessed December 17, 2013].

Executive Summary

The report presents an analysis of a company titled “J Sainbury PLC”.  The intention of this study is on conservation and business conjectures, containing recommendations for the organization’s up-gradation and configuration. Actually, the report contains the Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis of the company. The SWOT analysis counting assessment of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and modest threats is finished to comprehend the situation of the company within its definite business place and in contrast with further corporations. This helps us to engross in a business scenario design and recommend substitute strategies ensuring a comprehensive market appraisal. Later in the document contains the endorsements for the modifications in the structure of the organization, bearing in mind the finest probable manner of handling the business collection and human possessions. An investigation is commenced with the financial assets and broad-spectrum corporation possessions as well as product expansion founded on the gaining of innovative understanding (Augustin, 2011). Consequently, the document recommends designing the impression of strategic alteration in operational administration, and scrutinizes any global plans for the firm. Precisely, this analysis offers in depth strategic SWOT analysis of the corporation’s businesses and operations. The firm’s explanation delivers a perfect and impartial opinion of the company’s key strengths and weaknesses and the prospective opportunities and threats. This will aid to express strategies that supplement the trade by allowing you to comprehend their followers, patrons and competitors better.

Introduction

Sainsbury was established in 1869 and nowadays functioning in over 1,106 hypermarkets and suitability stores. The company has around 157,000 employees in all over the World. The slogan of the company is that we (the company) place our clients at the heart of the whole thing we fix and have devoted in their stores, their contemporaries and their channels to distribute the greatest likely shopping experience. Their resilient philosophy and values are the part of their uniqueness and essential to their success (Rowley, 2003).

Core values

The core values of the company are given as:

• Accomplishment improved every day – the company emphasizes on enlightening its facilities.
• Countless services drive sales, however, there is a condition that better provision is pointing to higher sales.
• Discrete accountability team delivery even though teamwork is invigorated, right a distinct in the firm has accountability in the conference service standards.
• Retain it modest, humble and well-organized services are obtainable (j–Sainsbury, 2013).
• Admiration for the discrete employee – each discrete worker within the company is appreciated for his extravagance services. The income of the business is intended for dissemination and improvement of the corporation (Yong, James, Kevin, and Donna, 2011,).

Strategy

The values of the J Sainsbury are the section of their extended-term strategy of development. The company is ready to review and reinforce their strategy, in order to create a decent business sense and provision of an actual competitive benefit (Wrigley, 2000).

Business Performance

The J Sainsbury has had one more efficacious year, outdoing the flea market in what residue a hard trading atmosphere. Their segment of the grocery shop is the uppermost for an era at 16.8% and they are at the moment the UK’s second major grocer ensuing 35 uninterrupted quarters of like for like sales progress. We endure to aid customers Live Well for Less and stared like for like auctions up 1.45 for the 28 weeks up to 28 the September 2013 (Francis, 2011).

Business case 

The J Sainsbury recognizes as true as their values and their 20 x 20 sustainability obligations play an immense part in their accomplishment. They deliver opportunities for the employees to discriminate themselves with client, dealers, contemporaries and other stakeholders. The vital portion of their strategy is constructed on developing assemblies and procedures to carry out the work properly. For example, since 2007 the J Sainsbury deliberately participated in energy decrease and renewable energy schemes in their supermarkets and expediency stores. Every single year they make evident that the projects will accomplish their internal financial obstacle rate, contending with further areas of the trade for funds. Each year they drive, charge and carbon diminutions attained are dignified over and done with a project venture review. And by undertaking this procedure, the Investment Board members have soreness in the program. Ultimately and mutually income and carbon goods will be encountered. Meanwhile the 2005 /06 their savings in Energy Reduction in their hypermarket domain have conveyed an utter energy lessening of 11.1 % at the same time as mounting their space by over 30 % (McAlexander and Eric, 2008.).

Competitors

It is worthwhile to evaluate the competitors of the J Sainsbury and their major competitors are the Tesco and ASDA. The profile analysis of the both competitors is given below:

Tesco

Tesco is the world’s one and only leading stores which operates in fourteen (14) countries, provides work for just about 520,000 people and attending millions of patrons every single week. In the past decade the Tesco has grown up their trade to be the world’s third major grocery vendor. They are recognized as a good strength everywhere they work. Their success stories work for an outsized quantity of a group of people all the way through the country. Their collaboration with these societies prompts them per diem approximately their accountabilities as an owner, as a commercial and as a decent neighbor. Despite the fact price, cost and supplying outstanding service will all the time be significant for the 1000 of individuals who visit the Tesco stores every single day, further concerns are all the time more important too. The clients want to purchase not only the local products but as well as the international products. They would like to eat vigorous food. The clients need the Tesco to consider the neighborhood products, whereas, the requirements of the customers are being fulfilled by the Tesco (Tesco PLC, 2013). 

ASDA

Ever since 1999, ASDA has been exclusively possessed by the Wal-Mart. It is the major firm and considerably the most sober employer in the Flora and Fauna. ASDA had been acquiring Wal-Mart’s strategy for certain years beforehand it comes about. The takeover has distant accomplishment, significances for British retail as other firms respond to it and discover original techniques to complete. Consequently, even though this was eventually considered as a contour of ASDA, it is incredible to engrave it deprived of frequently mentioning to Wal-Mart. On the other hand, the key focus here is on ASDA as there is previously a propagation of anti Wal-Mart in info on the internet. ASDA has been assessed for distorted publicity, by means of dealers who are recognized to have unlawful employment performs, pay no attention to develop regulations and put an end to greenbelt land, absence of severe environmental policy and deliberate green wash. It is one of the major competitors against the J Sainsbury PLC (ASDA PLC, 2013).

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats

The SWOT Analysis includes the weakness, strengths, opportunities and threats of the company.

Strengths of the J Sainsbury PLC

• The J Sainsbury PLC has an exceptionally skilled leadership group with Justin King – the Chief Executive obtains countless admiration for his effort in the Sainsbury.
• A huge number of high caliber officers and staff members are present in this organization. The organization is based on the safe and sound relationship among the employees.
• The brand name of the J Sainsbury is very sturdy as compared to other organizations.
• The J Sainsbury’s has had 13 undeviating quarters of progress presenting a genuine turnaround in its business. Even for 2007 it has revealed an upsurge of 7 % in revenue and a gigantic 450 % escalation in profit afterward tax.
• From corner to corner of the UK, the existence and popularity of the J Sainsbury is very string comparatively.
• The Sainsbury is working on customer satisfaction as their goals and objectives; therefore the company has a solid customer base.
• The company gives the impression to be very thriving placed on the green and environmental matters due to its various contemporary enterprises. It has an affirmative consumer brand and it’s liked by means of both green activists and patrons.
• Universally, the J Sainsbury PLC is among the toughest competitors because they have a good reputation.
• The J Sainsbury is one of the superstore chains that have perfect celebrity approving products, prominent to augmented sales.
• The J. Rowly in the year 2000, writes a review for the J Sainsbury company illustrated below:

“By means of Jamie Oliver, it has been modest for Sainsbury’s to perceive uplifts in sales of precise elements that have been highlighted in ad operations. Superficially the supermarkets had to command nine tons- the correspondent of 2 year stream of nutmeg to bump into ultimatum when it gives the idea in one of Oliver’s hundred plus ads.” (Rowly, 2000) 

Weakness of J Seinsbury PLC

• One of the most considerable weaknesses that can also become a threat in the upcoming time is the growing number of facilities being provided by their several competitors.
• In broad-spectrum the devotion schemes presented are not executed applicably so the huge odds of the scheme keep on indeterminate.
• The organization strategy of the J Sainsbury needs to be revised, therefore, it is required that more emphasis on organizational strategy and superior customer amenity should be provided.
• The Sainsbury’s PLC lacks the emphasis on the elevation of inexpensive yields that’s why the Sainsbury’s should manner thorough market study to acquaint with inexpensive products than other superstores.
• The overthrow offer by the Qataris Private impartiality firm last year can have certain insinuations as people are settling in the direction of British corporations and the vision of Sainsbury’s being oversaw by an imported firm can lead to clients substituting loyalties.
• Contrasting Tesco’s expansion plan, the Sainsbury does not exist in flea market other than the UK. This can lead to distress particularly if there is a certain problem in food transaction in the UK or if their desires to be a foundation for further development.

Opportunities of J Sainsbury PLC

• The unconventional business of the Sainsbury boons a countless opportunity for upcoming growth. Its reserves in the property and an objective of 40 Euro million is on the justification.
• Higher consumer base especially in the course of Christmas and festivals
• The J Sainsbury is by now one of the chief competitors and most important retail store in the UK.
• Other opportunities like the chances in relations of online marketing and financial amenities are plentiful.

Threats of J Sainsbury PLC

• One of leading threat is the competition of J Sainsbury with other competitors like Tesco and ASDA.
• Another vital threat is the increasing prices of the J Sainsbury that is the rate of the Sainsbury’s products may be higher than the competitors.
• The significance of constructing long term client relationships as customers may be focused away from opponents (Rafiq, 2005).

Analysis, Assessment & Recommendations – J Sainsbury PLC

This section of the document explores the emerging brand name and brand impartiality, devotion patterns, own yield and associations among dealers, patrons and sellers. We could encapsulate that Sainsbury’s business emphases on more than a few administration strategies: faithfulness patterns: constructing long term business associations with patrons and dealers; and edifice or improving brand name as a significant determining factor of auctions and achievement of the company. A contemporary news announcement on Sainsbury’s has been specified in an appendix underneath that put forward that Sainsbury’s industry and earnings as well as over-all retail sales have amplified ominously in current years. The news discharge entitlements that Sainsbury’s sales rose by 5.2 % and its market segment surpassed the leader in wholesale Tesco by means of 20 %, presenting plentiful developed sales than estimated and demonstrating the greater company presence (Jiyoung, and Jay, 2012). This demonstrates that Sainsbury’s undertaking of building Sainsbury’s great all over again give the impression to be ensuing progressively and most recent year’s Christmas sales statistics look as if to imitate the achievement of the company (Roper, and Pettit, n.d.). As before now examined the firm presentation pointers propose that Sainsbury’s has been doing very thriving and in the past year, even though its gross earnings were near to the ground, the sales records were considerable advanced than the former current years, displaying a steady signal of upcoming development and possible earnings in the approaching years. Making an allowance for the strategy of shared governance over and done with the allocation of accountability and scattering of profits to take in shareholders and depositors in the judgment creating procedure, the firm appears to be built on its character for limpidity and responsibility. By means of a robust emphasis on financial analysis consuming the thoughts of market examination, the business strategy of the firm is centered on conversation, proposal, considerations and a methodology exposed to propositions and good word for development. Some of the key features of its strategic change and organization’s attitude seem like to be constructing on patron faithfulness by familiarizing trustworthiness patterns to hold patrons. As I have talked over, for great supermarkets and market front-runners in retail, holding old customers gives the impression to be a superior importance than fascinating new ones. Bearing in mind this strategy, constructing long term associations with clients and constructing brand uniqueness and brand name are particular of its principal focus areas.  A prominence is also seen in constructing long term associations with dealers and wholesalers. Spaced out from this the firm’s undertaking and purposes being concentrated on creating Sainsbury’s great all over again would narrate to enlightening customer facility with exceptional kiosks and improving the remunerations and maintenance for clients, refining service supply and the excellence of products and facilities as well (Wrigley, 2000).

The firm’s management methodology is thus concentrated on providing enhanced worth of money and sophisticated quality products when matched with opponents. Bearing in mind the statement that Sainsbury’s look like to have expanded its trade actions to online advertising and drop distribution and financial services, the chief purpose of the company give the impression to be made widespread and wide-ranging amenities in all characteristics of life (Assesment, 2013).

Conclusion

After the survey and analysis of the J Sainsbury PLC, it is concluded that on having the competitive advantage, they have some weaknesses and threats too. The company should find a strong way to fight their opponents as their opponents are very strong. They can be successful by keeping their rates low as compared to the opponents. The J Sainsbury has already worked on some recommendation as given above but besides this I will recommend that for getting success in future the company should analyze its sales report monthly and annually. They should focus on the product quality much more than the quality of the other retailed stores. They should focus the customer feedback on every purchasing of the product about the services of J Sainsbury PLC. The organizational strategy is very weak so the J Sainsbury should focus the strategy. After working on all these recommendations, the J Sainsbury will be among the toppers.

Reference Page:

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