Fairy Tale Beginning

            Cinderella was living with her two stepsisters and a stepmother, who was not kind to her. She had to do all the work, and her stepsisters were very unkind. Cinderella also had life ambitions, but due to these cruel family members, she could not get her desires. One day, an invitation for the royal grand ball came at Cinderella’s house, and prince was awaiting the girls on this grand ball. Cinderella had a wish to attend this grand ball, but she knew that it was not possible without any magic to attend the grand ball, and only her stepsisters will attend the event. But still she asked her stepsisters that can I borrow a dress to participate in the event. Her stepsisters refused and asked her to stay at home as there was much work to do at home. When the grand ball arrived, Cinderella followed her stepsisters to look at the castle at least. She reached there and dreamed of entering into the court, but she knew that it was a wish, which no one could ever fulfill.

Middle and Ending Part of the Fairy Tale

            As Cinderella’s story tells that she had a dream of attending the grand ball event, her wish was not granted by her stepsisters and now she was standing outside the castle with hopeless eyes. In this moment of despair, little magical women appeared at the scene and told Cinderella that she is Cinderella’s fairy godmother, and she will fulfill his wish and dream of attending the grand ball. In this moment of grief, Cinderella could not believe that someone can fulfill her dream, but fairy god mother told her that her wish will come true. Then fairy godmother started her magic, which changed the situation, and now Cinderella was in a beautiful dress and ready to enter into the castle. But her fairy godmother told her that her magic will only remain until midnight before noon. So, Cinderella has to get back before noon.

            Then Cinderella went into the castle with the help of this magic. She was looking so beautiful that even her stepsisters could not recognize that she was Cinderella. Everyone noticed the presence of Cinderella including the prince. The Prince requested Cinderella to dance with him, and both danced together until midnight. Cinderella forgot her fairy godmother’s warning, and when clock rang the bell for noon, she realized the time is over and ran out of the castle. Prince went after Cinderella, but only found her one slipper on the way, and started searching for Cinderella. The Prince asked every girl of the kingdom to wear the slipper to find the girl, who danced with him on the night of grand ball. The slipper fit into the foot of Cinderella, and Prince found out that it was Cinderella, who danced with him at that night. Cinderella became princesses after they got married, and everyone was invited to the event including Cinderella’s stepsisters as Cinderella forgave her stepsisters for their cruel past.

Analysis

The Elements of a Traditional Fairy Tale

            It is a fact that there are certain traditional elements, which can be found in every fairy tale. These elements are necessary to form a fairy tale; otherwise, the story could be attributed to something else. One of the significant aspects of a fairy tale is its opening and ending very universal lines. The other important aspect of a fairy tale is presence of a hero & heroine and the villain. In this Cinderella’s fairy tale, Cinderella herself is the heroine, the prince is the hero, and her stepmother & stepsisters can be attributed as villains. The fairy tales also has the presence of some good and evil characters. In this fairy tale, Cinderella, the Prince and fairy godmother, all were excellent characters, whereas her stepsisters and stepmother were evil. One of the most vital components of each fairy tale is magic. In Cinderella’s story, fairy godmother appeared in the information. She transformed Cinderella into princess with her magic, which allowed her to attend the castle’s grand ball event. One more element of fairy tale is that it talks about a problem, and then comes out with a solution like Cinderella was having the trouble that she could not attend the grand ball, and then answer was provided with the help of magic (Cisneros)

Creating Awareness on Social Issues

            It is essential for a fairy tale to convey specific message so that social issues are discussed with a broad perspective and children & society can learn a lesson from it. Fairy tales can create awareness of various social issues like gender stereotypes, society’s unkind behavior towards a specific group of people, etc. This is what has been included in Cinderella’s fairytale. It talked about the less critical group of people in a society, who are suppressed by the company’s superior ones. Like Cinderella was living under the cruel behavior of her stepsisters and stepmother. She was not treated equally as their family member. It is a social issue that superior people of society remain unkind with the poor people, who are less in social status. These fairy tales give us a broader view of the world by presenting different social injustice prevailing in society.

Conclusion and Lesson Learned

            After looking at all the aspects of this fairytale and keeping the whole story in mind, it can be said that Cinderella’s fairy tale comes with various elements. It can teach children that they need to remain hopeful and kind in any given situation. And though stuff doesn’t go their way, still children must stay optimistic in that moment of despair. The other great lesson from this fairy tale is that children can remain kind to others, even when they are unkind, as God will reward you for this kindness in so many different ways. The children can take another lesson that when people get from lower position to a superior one in their life, they must forgive others, and show kindness to others, and taking revenge from anyone is not a good option. Moreover, a lesson is learnt from Cinderella’s story that a person may not remain hopeless and ruins his/her life whatever the situation is. A ray of hope and endurance should always be kept alive in any given situation as thing will get better one day in the future (Green)

Works Cited;

• Cisneros, Tina. Elements of a Fairy Tale Story. 2017. 2 August 2018 <https://penandthepad.com/elements-fairy-tale-story-8429713.html>.
• Green, Athlyn. Lessons From Cinderella: Cinder Girl Teaches Children About Endurance and Hope. 2017. 2 August 2018 <https://wehavekids.com/education/Lessons-From-Cinderella-Cindeer-Girl-Teaches-Children-About-Endurance-and-Hope>.
• speakaboos.com. Cinderella. 2018. 2 August 2018 <https://www.speakaboos.com/story/cinderella>.

Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience about marriage on the choice of the couple

Thesis: The people should be given free choice of having their marriage on an arranged or non-arranged basis, no one should force arranged marriages.

Introduction

The arranged, as well as non-arranged marriages, both are part of the society at large. In certain governments, such as the United States, citizens are free to choose their marriage, but there are countries where arranged marriages are more common and somewhat forced on couples. The example of such countries includes India, Pakistan, and Japan. Society needs to understand the concept of arranged and non-arranged marriages to see some relevant pros and cons.

Body

In this speech, I will be discussing arranged marriages with regards to the following aspects:

• What Arrange Marriage is and How Different it is from Non-Arranged Marriage:

A marriage in which the couple doesn’t need their parents’ consent, instead they love and know each other before the marriage like they are aware of each other’s likes & dislikes; this marriage is called arranged marriage. On the other hand, a marriage that is arbitrarily decided by the couple’s parents or families, where their consent is not necessary, such marriage is called arranged marriage.

• Facts of Non-Arranged Marriage:

In the United States, 50% percent of first marriages end up in a divorce. It is also alarming to see that almost 50% of couples in the United States take divorce for different reasons. Regardless of such high divorce ratios, non-arranged marriages are better than non-arranged ones, where the team has to compromise on so many things, and even they have to live a miserable life with each other, with no mutual understanding.

• Facts of Arranged Marriages:

In such marriages, girls, even before 18, are forced to get married. Their first sexual experience is always a forced and unwanted one, which is a painful thing to hear. Almost 54% of marriages in the world are arranged, and their global divorce rate is 6.3%. In arranged marriages, the age of male members is five years more than the female. In most arranged marriages, the couple does not ask for their consent; instead, many patients are linked with forced family marriages.

• Most Major Countries for Arranged Marriages:

Such kinds of marriages are most common in the Middle East, South Asia, and South Africa. One of the most popular countries is India, where all decisions related to arranging marriage are taken by parents or families of the respective couple. Pakistan is another country where arranged marriages are preferred and done under the laws guided by their religion. Japan is a developed nation, but still, the practice of arranged marriages prevails in their society. Israel is another country where the bride & groom are introduced to each other with families’ help, and they are allowed to know each other.

Pros of Arranged Marriages:

• With the help and support of families, the couple’s future can be safe & brighter as they will get permission from their families through every thick and thin.
• Both families will work together to ensure that a family affair goes well, and their arranged marriage proves to be a successful one.
• Each other’s future is ensured by arranging the marriage, which ultimately reduces each other’s pressure.
• The stress level in arrange marriage becomes less before certain groups of ages.
• The divorce rate may also not be too high. There is also a chance that a couple may develop love between each other after getting along in an arranged marriage.
• With masterminded relational unions such as arranged marriages, that pressure reduces.
• Because they realize that they are guaranteed somebody to carry on with their existence with.
• The life partners’ groups are profoundly associated with the way toward picking an accomplice for their relative.
• This procedure likewise fortifies the bond between the two families and also connections inside each.
• This implies that two families of different types and races will get along. The stress that you dislike the companion that you have picked becomes relatively less.

Cons of Arranged Marriages:

• The arranged marriage couples don’t trust each other as both are total strangers, and lack of trust can be a big issue in completing a successful marriage.
• Moreover, a couple cannot express their consent or feeling regarding the marriage, which means that strangers are committed to forced marriages, even when the girls’ age is lower than 18 years.
• The couple may not develop any understanding and cannot form a healthy family afterward.
• In the unlikely possibility that you are not going to like the person based on your likes and dislikes and the family has decided for you, there is almost no that you can do to transform it.
• The dominant part of organized relations is the force of a family member, which implies that you cannot protest.
• Somebody that they don’t care for or concur with.
• You are not permitted to date or endeavor to meet any other individual since your spouse or wife has just been decided for you.
• Numerous encounters originate from the dating scene that is lost with orchestrated relational unions.
• Such kind of relations cant’ be maintained for the longest time.
• The tie of unwanted relations becomes challenging to be solved, and marriage life fills with issues.

Conclusion

After looking at all the aspects of arranged marriages and non-arranged marriages, it can be said that both marriage styles can be considered for different kinds of societies. Still, the company has to respond differently. For instance, the arranged marriage can be useful as the couple can get support and guidance from their families. Still, the thing is that couples should be given a choice to meet each other, and they should be given some time by both families to understand each other. Like in non-arranged marriages, the couples love each other, understand each other, and then choose their own will. So, whatever the marriage type is, the teams should be given a free option to make their decisions. Nobody wants to push them to get married to someone who doesn’t like each other at all. It means that an arranged marriage with the aspects taken from non-arranged marriage should be a viable option for the global society.

Introduction

Terrorism applies to aggression that is premeditated and reaches usual standards. The aggression targets the targets of citizens or non-combatants. The steps are carried out by criminals while they seek strategic ends. They think that by intentionally causing terror, the use of violence will affect the public (Aymenn 2014). While after the September 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York, terrorist groups struggled to carry out a large-scale operation, they succeeded in recruiting new members. Furthermore, throughout the country, they have carried out several small-scale assaults. ISIL is a strong militant organisation that has formed to fill the vacuum created by Al-dwindling

Qaeda’s Presence

Often recognised as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) is (ISIS). In Arabic, the community is referred to as Daesh. A self-proclaimed Islamic state uses the phrase. In Iraq and Syria, the party occupies territories. Moreover, it works in the Middle East as well. The group is a particular class of terrorist organisation since the elements of the army and an intricate state system have been created. The group is also engaged in terrorist warfare and territorial growth (Ajbaili 2014). The organization’s declared aim is to restore an Islamic state in the region extending from Southern Turkey to Egypt via Syria. The following countries are part of the area; Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan. Even Israel is located in the area.

Many factors inform the focus on the anatomy of religious groups. Firstly, terrorist activities are often perpetrated by terrorist organizations as opposed to individuals (Ajbaili 2014). As a result, understanding how the terror groups are structured is important in establishing their impact on the society. In addition, it provides insight into the best way of battling terrorist organizations. For instance, anti-terror units can target the leaders of the terror organizations. The strikes can be conducted through drones. The move will undermine the operations of the terrorist groups. Secondly, focusing on the anatomy of terrorist groups addresses the limitations of individual and environmental approaches.

Understanding the anatomy of terrorism involves an evaluation of the elements that make terrorism. As a result, six key areas should be considered. Firstly, it is necessary to determine the reasons why individuals engage in terrorism. Secondly, it is prudent to establish how terrorists plan and execute their attacks. Thirdly, governments should establish how to use the information provided to combat terrorism. Fourthly, the actors who are involved in terrorism either directly or indirectly should be identified. Subsequently, the financial, political and emotional supporters of terrorism and the victims of their heinous acts should be identified. Lastly, the significant role that the media play in the overall strategy of the terrorist groups aimed at maximizing public awareness of their political objectives is fundamental (Ajbaili 2014). An appraisal of terrorism worldwide indicates that the international community would pose a major challenge in combating the exponential growth of terrorism worldwide without consistent and reasoned intergovernmental cooperation.

The Anatomy of ISIS

ISIS has an elaborate command structure headed by the Caliph, who serves as the Commander in Chief. The current Caliph is Abu Bakr al Baghdadi (Filger 2014). A council of elders advises the commander. The next level of authority involves two similar positions. Two deputies were given the authority over Syria and Iraq. The two positions demonstrate the significant interest of the organization in both areas. The Executive Branch of the organization is referred to as the Al Amara (Thompson &Shubert 2014). The Shura council focuses on the religious and military affairs of the organization. The deputies supervise the twelve governors in the two countries. Eight councils perform the tasks that are required in order to enable the organization to operate. The elaborate structure indicates that terrorist organizations have a lot of respect for hierarchical structures. In addition, it is clear that they many goals that they hope to achieve through the implementation of effective management practices.

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi serves as the mysterious leader of an organization that has caused a lot of concern among international leaders. He has managed to avoid drone attacks and survived many civil wars. The observation demonstrates his survival skills. In addition, he has managed to unify military groups under him. The move has been accompanied by a deliberate attempt to raise an army of jihadists from across the globe. As a result, he has succeeded in capturing large pieces of land between northern Syria and central Iraq. In a deliberate action that demonstrates his commitment to his agenda, he has declared an Islamic state in the region that is the size of Pennsylvania (Thompson & Shubert 2014). The elaborate command structure can be attributed to the effort to create a bureaucratic structure that not only maintains the rule of law but also ensures that the group can build on its gains on the battlefield. In addition, it ensures that the nature of the organization is not limited to its military nature alone. Instead, it shows that the group that has the ability of governing.

An evaluation of the structure of the group shows that it has adopted the governance structures of western countries. The move highlights the hypocrisy of terrorist organizations that attack western values but try to implement them. In addition, it shows that strong governance structures are important for the success of any mission.  

Baghdadi, his cabinet and his two main deputies make up the government’s Executive Branch. The division of the operations into Iraq and Al-Amaria can be attributed to the desire to make the conquered regions easy to run. It is the obligation of the governors to make the local councils to perform their responsibilities in a way that they advance rather than undermining the overall mission of the organization. The Shura council ensures that all the officials comply with the ISIS version of the Islamic law (Thompson & Shubert 2014).

ISIS has a lot of interest in ensuring that it receives as much media attention as possible. The Shura Councils is in charge of sanctioning such activities (Thompson & Shubert 2014). The Shura is a powerful unit. For instance, it can identify when the leaders are violating their interpretation of Sharia law. 

Furthermore, the command structure serves as a reminder that ISIS is keen on evolving into a government whose political decision-making is as strong as its military capabilities. In addition, it symbolizes the ultimate goal of the organization. The group clearly wants to govern.

ISIL was formed towards the end of 2006 (Aymenn 2014).  The group is strongest in Anbar. The terrorist group has many training camps in the desert. In addition, it retains a partial presence in Ramadi and Nineveh. The organization functions as the mafia in Mosul. The observation can be attributed to the fact that it extorts money from local businesses. An evaluation of the environment that supports the group shows that it has developed out of the unstable political climate created by the Sunni insurgency in the area.

The organization’s vast financial effect indicates that it is accountable for the repeated and organised bomb attacks targeting civilians in Baghdad and other regions in the country. In addition, ISIL is active and has the ability of carrying out attacks in Kut, Wasit and Nasiviriyah governorates. In addition, it is also expected to be behind the attacks in the Kurdish region.

ISIL has used social media in a variety of provinces in the world to market its activities. Moreover, the party is attempting to show the proto-state constructing institutions in Fallujah. The step is meant to function as a declaration of the importance of creating an Islamic virtue. It is also evident that it is a powerful terrorist group (Thompson & Shubert 2014).

There are several parallels between the party and Jamaat Ansar al-Islam (JAI). The latter is an offshoot of Ansar Al Islam’s deceased Iraqi Kurdistan Al-Qaeda branch in 2007. (Aymenn 2014). In the provinces of Nineveh, Kirkuk and Salah ad-Din, JAI works. Occasionally, however, it performs operations near Baghdad. As opposed to those carried out by a more coordinated and better-financed ISIL, the frequency of its operations is limited. For eg, in a single month, ISIL can conduct more than 100 operations in Nineveh, while JAI can only handle a few dozen operations (Aynmenn 2014).

The formation of a caliphate, however, is sponsored by all parties. They partake in Takfir, a concept that applies to the act of alleging the apostasy of fellow Muslims. In addition, they often target Shia Muslims. In this respect, JAI has a deep rivalry with ISIL. Consequently, it is correct to assert that terror groups have different ideological beliefs. However, an evaluation of the available data on terrorism reveals that a disproportionate number of terrorists are Muslims. The observation has led to a lot of negative perception of the Muslim community in most western societies. In addition, it has increased the level of suspicion with which the Muslims are regarded as potential risks to public safety. The Muslim leadership is partly to blame for this unfortunate state of events. Instead of condemning the actions of terrorists who use Islam as an excuse, they often remain silent. In order for the Muslim community to gain the respect and trust of the public, it has to condemn the barbaric actions that are often committed under the name of Islam.

Other terrorist groups, such as JAI, say that, like the others, ISIL does not view itself as a single party or division. In fact, it has resorted to using Daesh, a derogatory term referring to ISIL (Aymenn 2014). Consequently, ISIL has labeled the group as a criminal organization. The move was influenced by the inability of the latter to support the project of the Caliphate.

The most generic word that can be used for the rebellion, excluding the two parties, applies to the rebels of the tribes. The scenario included a range of tribal military councils proclaiming independence, which started in Anbar and extended to the rest of the country. The most famous is the General Anbar Tribal Military Council. The party contains a range of nationalist militants from parties that have suspended activities in the country. As a result, it is correct to assert that the withdrawal of American forces in the area has played an important role in the region’s increasing destabilisation.

It is clear outside Anbar that many tribal military councils act as fronts for the Naqshabandi Baathist Army. The group differs from other groups in the involvement of occasional cross-sectarian messaging (Ajbaili 2014). In its social media presence, through the Intifida Ahrar Al Iraq, the group’s influence is visible. A vocal supporter of the Shia tribal military council is the activist wing.

The relations between the different terrorist groups in the region are often complicated. For example, the group has a deep mistrust for the Naqshabandi. The move was influenced by the belief that the latter supports un-Islamic agendas.

An evaluation of the current situation in the region demonstrates that the Iraqi government will fail to revive the widespread Sahwa movement. Instead, the violence in the region is expected to increase as groups battle for control. Although none of the terrorist groups has the ability of dislodging the central government, it is clear that ISIL has many resources. Consequently, it poses the greatest military and terrorist threat. As it tries to gain power in the Sunni Arab regions, the other groups constitute a concern for the country.

While ISIS has proved that it operates in a strategic and reasonable way, it is not isolated from other militant groups because of the horrific beheadings of international journalists. The community is made up of several individuals who are inspired to commit in the most horrific way imaginable by the sadistic compulsion to commit. A urge to revive the Islamic Caliphate in the region does not inspire the members. The latest conflict witnessed in Syria has subjected young people to a great deal of violence. They are also vulnerable to aggressive actions.

ISIL is pressuring citizens to declare the Islamic creed in the regions under their power. In addition, according to the understanding of Sunni Islam and Sharia rule, they live. The group uses death threats, torture and mutilation to force individuals to convert to Islam. The ruthlessness of the group is demonstrated in the killing of clerics that refuse to pledge their alliance to the Islamic State. In addition, the group directs violence at the Shia Muslims and indigenous communities in the area. Moreover, the group is responsible for actions aimed at ethnic cleansing of ethnic and minority groups in Northern Iraq.

Social Media Use

Although a significant part of the struggle between ISIL and the government of Iraqi involves a battle along geopolitical lines, social media has emerged as a new field for the battle for the future of Iraq. ISIL has successfully used social media platforms such as Twitter to spread propaganda and gain new followers (Shane & Hubbard 2014). Consequently, it has succeeded in increasing its popularity in the region.

Before ISIL forces began making advances into the heart of Iraq as it edged closer to Baghdad, it released many social media posts across multiple social media platforms. The move was aimed at encouraging its supporters and driving fear into the hearts of its opponents. The Iraq government has failed to respond to the strategy. The dysfunctional Baghdad government makes it difficult to imagine that it will be able to develop a social media society to respond to the serious threat posed by the online presence of ISIL. The most significant victory that the terrorist group can win is in winning the hearts of the people while driving fear into its opponents (Shane & Hubbard, 2014). The move will make the public embrace it. As a result, it will develop a sense of legitimacy that would undermine the ability of the Iraqi government to govern.

ISIL has made social media use a key component of its strategy (Shane & Hubard 2014). For instance, it has created an app that its supporters can download into their phones free. Downloading the app allows the group to access to their Twitter accounts. As a result, the group can reach a wide audience by releasing a burst of tweets at scheduled periods. Consequently, each tweet by the group is sent by many people. The move creates an illusion that the messages are being tweeted by a large group of people. In addition, having a large number of people to tweet for it enables its messages to avoid being labeled as spam. In addition, its members often create or use popular trends. When the trend is retweeted by a large group of people, it gains a lot of attention in social media. Consequently, it attains a high rank that enables more people to see it. An evaluation of the online presence of the group demonstrates that it is particularly very effective in using Twitter.

Besides Twitter, the group has a strong presence on other sites. For example, it uses Instagram and Tumbler to spread images of some of its executions. The graphic nature of the material plays a significant role in ensuring that their updates have a viral effect.

ISIL understands that underlining a sense of progress and success enables it to develop relevance (Shane & Hubbard 2014). The move challenges the viability and value of its rival terrorist organizations in the region. The consistent ruthlessness and updates that it posts on social media enable the group to create an image that it is very powerful and successful. However, the image maybe removed from the reality on the ground. Consequently, the government has been forced to limit internet access to certain areas and effort to limit the online presence of the group. The move may prove to be counterproductive for the government. For example, it antagonizes the Iraq people at a time when it should be focusing on increasing its support among the Iraq people.

However, the Iraq government is facing a difficult task. Appealing to the public for support and stability may not be as convincing as the emotional appeals that are made by the terrorist groups. Terrorist organizations such as ISIL appeal to the hopes and fears of the people (Shane & Hubard 2014). Although the images it posts are mostly abhorrent, the rhetoric that it uses appeal to the emotions of the Muslim community. The most successful item that the foreign community has should worry about is the fact that these online appeals could enable the group to attract new recruits online. As a result, there has to be a deliberate effort to undermine the activities of the group on social media.

However, an evaluation of the facts suggests that its strong influence on social media can be attributed to the hype created by the western media. The news outlets in the western world have covered how the group uses social media in a sensational manner. In fact, sometimes their coverage seemed like an endorsement of its actions. The unintended consequence involved more publicity for the group across the world. In fact, it is possible that the media coverage of the group has played a significant role in its rise as a significant terrorist organization in the world. For now, the group is focused on creating an independent Muslim state (Shane & Hubbard, 2014). Consequently, it does not pose an immediate security risk. The urgency with which the international community is responding to the issue can be attributed to the fear that if the group succeeds in establishing a new country, it will destabilize the region. The move can be attributed to the territorial alterations that will enviably be followed by such as scenario. Furthermore, the western countries are afraid that once it achieves its domestic agenda, it will create an enabling environment for terrorist organizations to grow and develop in the country.

Criticism of ISIL

ISIL has received a lot of criticism. First, Muslim scholars have questioned its claim that its mission is based on the teachings of the Koran. The criticism is often accompanied by a strong argument that nothing justifies the extremist and militant ideas advanced by the group. Second, the international community has condemned its extremist practices. Third, Muslim scholars and international leaders have ridiculed its name and the Islamic Caliphate. Fourth, the group has evolved into a form that resembles a militia group as opposed to a terrorist organization. Although it enjoys a strong presence in the region now, it will be destroyed through a coordinated international effort (Borger 2014).

Compulsion in religion acts as the ideological foundation for ISIS and other Islamist movements in the world. Such groups believe that they have superior knowledge of the wishes of God (Whitaker, 2014). Consequently, in punishing all who refuse to conform with the divine will, they experience a sense of entitlement. Consequently, they conclude that the desire to make the earth more sacred influences their acts. The bombing of Islamist movements and ISIS may suppress those movements for a while, but the theological issue cannot be solved (Whitaker 2014). While freedom of belief is a generally recognised concept among the international community, it has not been completely adopted by Arab countries and societies.

Conclusion

Terrorist groups provide an elaborate system of leadership. The finding may be related to the information obtained from the classification of the three classes of terrorists. Muslim communities have a high respect for consistent systems of leadership. ISIL’s elaborate system has played a major role in ensuring that it is growing its presence in the region. In addition, it has enabled it to increase its influence in the region. In fact, the group has emerged as a serious threat to the stability of the region. Consequently, there is a lot of interest among international leaders in understanding the anatomy of the group. Moreover, it is clear that unless the international community intervenes in a meaningful manner, the Iraq government will not be able to hold off ISIL for long. The international community has to develop a global digital strategy to address the incredible rise of terrorism. However, the most effective strategy that the international community can pursue in addressing the rise of terrorism involves the adoption of a multipronged strategy. Firstly, the leaders and financiers of terror organizations should be targets. They should be killed through sustained drone attacks. Secondly, stakeholders should ensure that the Middle East becomes a stable and peaceful region again. Thirdly, it is necessary to identify and respond to emerging terror threats in different parts of the world. Fourthly, the Muslim community should take a strong stand against the people who commit unspeakable atrocities in the name of Islam. The underlying triggers of terrorism reside in the assumption that the Muslim faith advocates for its members to ensure that all humanity embraces Islam (Tahrir 2014). Understanding the anatomy of terrorist organizations has led to the identification of the factors that make terrorist organizations so effective.

References

• Ajbaili, M 2014, How ISIS conquered social media. Al Arabiya. [Online] Available at
•  http://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/digital/2014/06/24/How-has-ISIS-conquered-social-media- .html>  25^th December 2014
• Aymenn Jawad Al Tamimi 2014, Anatomy of militant groups reveals Iraq’s different
• challenges. The National. . [Online] Available at <http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/anatomy-of-militant-groups reveals-iraqs-different-challenges>25^th December 2014
• Borger, J 2014, US claims Isis demoralized by heavy losses from air strikes. The Guardian. [Online] Available at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/19/isis-demoralised-us-air-strikes>25^th December 2014
• Filger, S 2014, President Obama Wages War on the Islamic State, aka ISIS and ISIL: Anatomy  of a Disaster in the Making. The Huffington Post. [Online] Available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sheldon-filger/president-obama-wages-war_b_5933642.html [25^th December 2014]
• Shane, S & Hubbard, B 2014, ISIS Displaying a Deft Command of Varied Media. The New York Times.  [Online] Available at <http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/31/world/middleeast/isis- displaying-a-deft-command-of-varied-media.html?_r=0>[25^th December 2014]
• Taheri, A 2014, The ugly attractions of ISIS’ ideology. The New York Post. . [Online] Available at <http://nypost.com/2014/11/02/the-ugly-attractions-of-isis-ideology/>[25^th December 2014]
• Thompson, N & Shubert, A 2014, The anatomy of ISIS: How the ‘Islamic State’ is run, from oil to beheadings. CNN. [Online] Available at <http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/18/world/meast/isis-syria-iraq-hierarchy/ [25^th December 2014]
• Whitaker, B 2014, Most Arab states share Isis’s ideology. They’re trying to have it both ways.
• The Guardian. [Online] Available at http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/28/arab-states-share-isis-ideology-islam [25^th December 2014]

Introduction

Over the last couple of decades, extremism by state and non-state entities has become a continuous danger to the stability of the world’s people. It not only presents a danger to people’s lives but also creates economic uncertainty as the amount of spending in the affected region’s declines dramatically due to inadequate protection and attempted terrorist attacks. For a long time, extremist groups and armed powers have employed multiple means of weapons of mass destruction to cause obliteration in the designated regions. Today, a broad variety of explosive devices have been introduced with the development in the fields of nuclear research and technology that can be used to inflict major damage in the targeted regions.

If we talk of the United States of America, we can infer that the United States has long been on the Red List of Terrorists, irrespective of its efforts to establish and stabilise peace and unity in the world. This paper provides a study of nuclear missiles as weapons of mass destruction, as well as the threat faced by non-state actors of this type. In addition, the paper also includes a segment on the ways in which, in the event that accused states ultimately commit an assault, the United States government will mitigate this risk. The research reason for this paper is that ‘Al-Qaeda (non-state actor) and Iran (state actor) are aggressively threatening the use of nuclear weapons against the US forces; thus, it is important to follow a well-planned strategy to mitigate the potential risk.’

Nuclear Bombs: Nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction

The nuclear bomb is the sort of weapon of mass destruction to be discussed in this report. Nuclear bombs have been the most deadly instruments of mass destruction ever since they were made. During the Second World War, his bombs were used against Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, causing thousands of casualties. Among the countries that hold these weapons are the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Russia, France, China, North Korea, India, and Pakistan. Of all these countries, Pakistan is deemed the most dangerous nuclear state owing to the presence of the Al-Qaeda militant group and many other extremist and terrorist groups in the area. Pakistan is also one of the nations that has not ratified the Nuclear Energy Non-Proliferation Convention (NPT), which ensures the safe utilisation of nuclear tools. In contrast, the presence of Al-Qaeda in the field makes Pakistan the most unstable and dreadful nuclear state in the world, which could pose a direct threat to the United States.

Al-Qaeda and Potential Nuclear Attack Threat

Al-Qaeda has been one of the most brutal and vicious terrorist organizations since its formation. The objective of the group is to implement the Shariah law in the world, in particular, in all of the areas that the group occupies. The group also strives for expulsion of the Western forces from Islamic countries. Founded by a Saudi national, Osama Bin Laden, the group has carried out many violent attacks all over the world on airports, embassies, and civilians. One of the main operational tactics that group uses is suicide terrorism. Although the group has carried out a number of mass destruction attacks in different parts of the world, the major event associated with the group that changed the deadly assaults on the World Trade Center was founded around the world on September 11, 2001. Those attacks changed the perception about terrorism all over the world and every country started considering terrorism as one of the most critical issues of the present world.

At present, owing to the involvement of the U.S. army in Afghanistan and several other Islamic nations, the United States of America is one of al-main Qaeda’s focus countries army in Afghanistan and some other Islamic countries. Al-Qaeda terrorist group has been changing its organizational structure frequently since its formation (Cronin, 2006, p. 7). A key point to mention about Al-Qaeda is that its strength has come down due to the American invasion of Afghanistan. However, this attempt by the United States has posted new threats for its citizens all over the world.

As Gregory (2013) states, “al Qaeda has made several attacks against the United States despite our nuclear status” (p. 124). The members of this militant group see Americans as their enemies and try to take revenge from them wherever they come across them. Not only this, Al-Qaeda members aim to take revenge from the government of the United States by attacking the infrastructure of the country. They aim to destabilize the economy of the United States by carrying out multiple attacks on the country and shattering the confidence of investors.

The main point of concern in this regard is that Al-Qaeda can launch a nuclear attack on the United States because it has its strong presence in Pakistan, which is the neighboring country of Afghanistan. Afghanistan is the main operating base for Al-Qaeda terrorist group. The borders of Pakistan-Afghanistan provide a good opportunity for the Al-Qaeda members to travel to Pakistan freely and safely. There is no special security in place at the border that can stop the terrorists from entering Pakistan, which is a nuclear state. The nuclear program of Pakistan is considered very unsafe because of the strong presence of Al-Qaeda in the region. Pakistan has been hit by multiple terrorist attacks in the near past, which show the weakness of Pakistani government in dealing with terrorism.

Al-Qaeda has already launched successful terrorist attacks on the military base camps of Pakistan, as well as on the Pakistan Army’s General Headquarters in the nearest past. On 16^th of December, 2014, Al-Qaeda launched a massive attack on an army school in Peshawar, a city of Pakistan, killing nearly 135 young school children. Army schools are considered the most secure schools in Pakistan. This attack and other acts of terrorism show that the government of Pakistan is not strong and capable enough to deal with terrorism.

Al-Qaeda can get hold of Pakistan’s nuclear assets and that would be very hazardous not only for the neighboring countries but also for the whole world. The group not only recruits militants but also recruits engineers and technicians who can get an idea of the way to prepare and use nuclear weapons. If a militant group gets the knowledge of the way to assemble nuclear weapons, it can be very hazardous. As the United States of America is on the hit list of Al-Qaeda, there are clear chances of Al-Qaeda carrying out a nuclear attack on the United States. If the terrorist group can hijack planes a decade ago, there is a huge possibility of the use of nuclear and other hazardous weapons by the same group against the same country. If a terrorist group can be so efficient and so resourceful that it can target Pentagon a decade ago when there was less technological development as compared to today, there are huge chances that the group will launch a more disastrous attack on the United States at this point of time when there is huge development in the field of science and technology.

Crossing the borders of the United States would not be a difficult step for the militants considering the geography of the United States. Mexican and Caribbean borders are being used even today by the drug smugglers to enter the United States. Same borders and sea routes can be used by the Al-Qaeda militants to enter the United States and carry out the intended attacks. The militants of the Al-Qaeda group can arrange all material required for manufacturing of nuclear weapons once they get the chance to know the scientific theory behind nuclear weapons development. It is a very critical issue because even a minor nuclear weapon can cause hundreds and thousands of casualties in the targeted area.

Al-Qaeda can also get direct support from Pakistan in the launch of nuclear attack on the United States if extremists come into power at some stage in future. The people of Pakistan generally have a negative perception about the interference of the U.S. government in Afghanistan’s and Pakistan’s political affairs. There is a negative perception about the role of the United States in settling political and geographical disputes of Islamic countries. In such a situation, a political party can use this perception as a tool to get votes of people during elections and come into power. If an extremist political party comes into power, there is a huge chance of establishment of strong and direct links between the anti-American government and Al-Qaeda which may ultimately lead to hidden support to Al-Qaeda in leading a hazardous attack on the United States. Considering the severity of the situation, it can be said that Al-Qaeda and unsecure nuclear power of Pakistan are mutually one of the biggest threats to the safety and security of the United States.

Ways to Mitigate the Attack

The government of the United States needs to take some effective measures to mitigate the risk of nuclear attacks by Al-Qaeda. First of all, the government should go to the United Nations Organization to pass a resolution that should make Pakistan give the security responsibility of its nuclear program to the United Nations so that Pakistan’s nuclear program should be made safe and secure for the world. The reason is that Pakistan houses many terrorist groups including Al-Qaeda which have put the United States and its citizens on their red list. If the terrorists get hold of the nuclear program of Pakistan, it would be disastrous for the security of the United States. Secondly, Pakistan should be pressurized to sign the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty so that its nuclear program comes under observance and be used for peaceful purposes. Similarly, Pakistan should be forced to launch effective and fully coordinated military campaign against the terrorist groups residing and operating within its territory. If it fails to do so or shows lack of ability, heavy sanctions should be put in place against Pakistan.

The government of the United States should increase the scrutiny and observance of Arab and Pakistani tourists and residents because Al-Qaeda’s terrorists mainly belong to these parts of the world. Along with this, the United States should make its borders more secure so that the risk of entry of illegal immigrants can be reduced as much as possible. Moreover, the defense department of the United States should increase the frequency of drone attacks on the Al-Qaeda officials and terrorists residing in the tribal areas of Pakistan in order to reduce their strength and infrastructural capacity. Drone attacks have been very successful for the United States so far as many of the renowned Al-Qaeda members have been killed in the attacks (Jordan, 2014). The head of Al-Qaeda, Osama Bin Laden, has also been killed by the U.S. forces as the result of the direct intrusion in the Northern areas of Pakistan. This shows that the United States have much more effective and capable intelligence system which has helped the U.S. in getting rid of the main enemy of the United States even when he was residing in Pakistan. Therefore, the U.S. forces should keep on monitoring the presence of Al-Qaeda terrorists in Pakistan in order to kill them before they get their hands to the nuclear program of Pakistan.

Iran and Potential Nuclear Attack Threat

One of the biggest threats to the U.S. has long been Iran (Pillar, 2013, p. 211). Iran is an Islamic state where the people have very negative feelings and perception about the government of the United States. Iran has been facing various sanctions imposed by the United Nations because of its nuclear energy program. The United States has played a crucial part in bringing Iran to be sanctioned by the United Nations. It is due to this reason that the people of Iran and its government have negative viewpoints about the U.S. Iran had stopped its nuclear power development for some time but is all set to resume the program as soon as possible. The spiritual leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, has already warned the government of the United States to stay out of the country’s affairs which gives a hint of the hidden plans of Iran.

Iran can resume Uranium enrichment in this December as the result of the negotiations breakdown between the European Union and Shiite regime. The main purpose of these talks were to stop Iran from making nuclear weapons but Iran did not provide any guarantee about it. Washington strongly supported the viewpoint of the European Union’s members and signaled that Iran should either stop Uranium enrichment activities related to nuclear weapons development or should face heavy Security Council sanctions. Now, when the talks have been stopped, it is highly likely that the United States would go to the Security Council for imposing sanctions on Iran. As the result, Iran can launch an unconventional nuclear attack on the United States. “Iran has been seriously considering an unconventional pre-emptive nuclear strike against the U.S” (Farah, 2014). This shows that the United States is under a huge threat of a deadly nuclear strike by Iran.

Ways to Mitigate the Attack

The government of the United States needs to come up with an effective counter-terrorism and nuclear strike prevention strategy in order to mitigate the risk of nuclear attack by Iran. The U.S. should make all trading partners of Iran to stop trade with Iran as a way to pressurize the Iranian government to stop Uranium Enrichment activities. As Bowen and Brewer (2011) state, “It is essential, therefore, to maintain and if necessary to build up the pressure on Iran and to strengthen efforts to disrupt its procurement of technology and materials for its nuclear programme” (p. 923). Similarly, the U.S. should try to make the power balance equal in the region by providing technological and defense support to the neighboring countries of Iran. Moreover, the defense department of the United States should make the anti-ballistic missile system more strong and capable of blocking the missiles from exploding into the U.S. territory. All of these ways can be taken by the defense and security officials of the United States as key recommendations to mitigate the nuclear strike threat by Iran.

Conclusion

Summing it up, the United States of America is under huge threat of nuclear attacks by both non-state and state sponsored terrorists. Al-Qaeda is one of the most deadly terrorist organizations and has the history of targeting U.S. interests in the past. At present, Al-Qaeda is operating in Pakistan which is a nuclear state and has shown incapability to deal with the acts of terrorism even in its most secure military areas. This lack of ability of Pakistani national security departments poses a threat for the United States if Al-Qaeda gets its hands over the nuclear assets of Pakistan. On the other side, Iran even challenges the U.S., which is its rival and suspected nuclear state and has the ability to launch nuclear attack on the territory of the United States. The government of the United States needs to make its defense system and border areas more capable and secure respectively in order to mitigate the threats of nuclear attacks by both non-state actors of terrorism and state sponsored terrorism.

References

• Bowen, W., & Brewer, J. (2011). Iran’s Nuclear Challenge: Nine Years and Counting. International Affairs, 87(4), 923-943.
• Cronin, A. (2006). How al-Qaida ends: The decline and demise of terrorist groups. International Security, 31(1), 7–48.
• Farah, J. (2014). Electro-Magnetic Pulse Nuclear war to be launched by Iran. Retrieved from http://waronjihad.org/nuclear040505.html
• Gregory, R. (2013). On “Reaffirming the Utility of Nuclear Weapons”. Parameters, 43(2), 124-127.
• Jordan, J. (2014). The Effectiveness of the Drone Campaign against Al Qaeda Central: A Case Study. Journal of Strategic Studies, 37(1), 4-29.
• Pillar, P. (2013). The Role of Villain: Iran and U.S. Foreign Policy. Political Science Quarterly, 128(2), 211-231.

Madagascar is a computer-animated film that takes place in Madagascar. The film was published in 2005, and is produced by the DreamWorks company. The movie was released on the 27th of May 2005 in cinemas. The making of an animated film also entails several repetitive moves. For the last two years, directors and producers have worked with authors and storyboard artists to rewrite and refine twelve concepts for the script. The San Francisco Gate notes that the word “Penguins Madagascar” was first used in conversation in 2001. It takes 3-5 years to make a good animated film, according to most producers and directors.

Screenwriting is the first step in the creation of a plot into an animated film. The key element of this component is the description. Writers, designers and directors mix their own artistic thoughts and concepts from other outlets, including comic strips, children’s books and movies. When a script is decided upon, a script is then written. The second step of improving current content is to move it over to storyboard artists. By painting a series of images in the style of a comic book, storyboard artists visualise how the words in the storey will appear in photos and how it will impact the quality of the storey. After the production companies of Madagascar grant permission to the directors of Madagascar, the directors then digitally record the sketches in order to create a storey reel . (a flipbook that enables you to see how drawings flow together). Then, the video is blended with songs, special sound effects, and narration, and for eighteen months, the producers and directors deal with that combination.

The next step is to determine how the Madagascar movie will look and what sort of graphic production would then be produced. The artistic development department plans, produces, and applies the final creative strategy. In this point, we present the storey with several paintings, blueprints, sculptures, illustrations, and models of the main characters and other small details. The method of designing characters and a fantasy world to establish the storey requires the artwork of the artists. The movies of Madagascar are stereoscopic, 3D videos. The visual style in the movie is well portrayed, and similar to the emergence of colour in cinematography. Madagascar’s creators and directors have been inspired about how this new technology will elevate filmmaking to the next stage.

The next step under filmmaking is the method of stereoscopic filmmaking, which utilises conventional CGI film processes but with modern technological and artistic possibilities (Plunkett 19). The stereoscopic process transforms the director’s artistic imagination into an interactive digital reality by putting together all elements of the Madagascar developer’s, DreamWorks, plot production and visual style to structure to the final render. The stereoscopic technique used in the Madagascar film helps the character to communicate with the environment surrounding them and provides an innovative and original method for telling a plot. The Madagascar filmmaking studio has established a modern stereoscopic filmmaking method involving new innovations and techniques.

After making the storyboard and characters, constructing the sets and filming the dialogue, the next step is to stage and film the voices of the characters. Casting in animation varies greatly from casting in live-action movies. Unlike action film, the animated Madagascar film portrays characters that are known for their distinctive voices, rather than their appearance. In brief, in animation films, one’s ears are used to “cast” rather than one’s eyes. The actors’ recordings occur before the animation process. This method consists of recording actors as they are acting so that the film crew can reference the actors’ performances later.

The next step is casting and building the model. Here, authors create a digital model, equivalent to a clay model in a machine by using production design, which is culled down from several sketches. Next, a modeller starts a wireframe sculpture known as amateur to hammer out the structure of the figure, enabling the rigging of the figure. Figure rigging allows the animator the power to move three-dimensional figures in a manner that better fits the animator’s needs. The incorporation of simple components accompanied by creation of the armature. The next step is controlling the automated marionette or condensed “puppet inside a box” with this equipment.

Modeling is the next step of filmmaking, which is farther out in the process than it seems. The artists of modelling work with the department of Arts to sculpt the settings and the characters by digital modelling. The modellers begin with a grid of wireframe geometry to describe the basic design, then break down the design into manageable geometry. It allows animators the ability to move 3-D characters in the same manner as they do in motion capture.

Animation arrives after rigging just before modelling. In this process, character TD, the stage manager; formulates a crucial study of the CG that comes from the department of modelling. They decide how these characters’ muscles, bones, and fats will really be under the skin, as well as how the characters will appear in the film. To achieve the character’s realistic body motions, a wide variety of complex mathematical patterns are used on the face, hair, body, and clothes. Rigging collaborates with the animation to develop an in-depth series of controls that will help the animation to not only pose the various parts of this modern puppet but allow the animation to bring the puppet to life.

The next step is Proofreading. Design is divided into two stages, Rough Layout and Final Layout. Rough Layout requires artists recreating and interpreting the drawn storyboard panels in a 3D CG setting, thus aiding in the final positioning of camera and gesture along with the character’s initial staging and blocking. In order to create the film’s cinematography, rough copies of characters, environments and lighting are made. The Final Concept artists creates a rough layout, which is then completed by the Character Artists. They also include the eye character. However, the last artist could only make this adjustment at the direction of the director. Both these actions allow the animators to finish the performance of the character and to begin designing the process of the rest of the shots. The final step includes the application of tweaks and any extra polish to shots by the Final Designer, which is accompanied by completion of the layout animation of shots.

After results, character animation is demonstrated. However, before bringing the characters to life on the screen, the animators ensure that they are operating as planned and the style is right. The animators express plenty of controls that were created in the process of character-rigging phase in order to bring any character to life as well as synchronising the characters with the voice performance. The characters ought to resemble themselves at the ending of this sequence; however, the scene itself is not entirely complete.

It allows the rendering of characters, backgrounds and props, which increases the difficulty of the rendering. The artists apply the textures, colours, and patterns to these surfaces, resulting in the surfaces being glossy and smooth like glass, rough and bumpy like clay, and fluffy and fluffy like fur. Certain scenes allow for actors to be tailored for a single shot so that they seem to be coated with dirt or soaking wet. The department of outdoor design could even be required to expand fields on the lawn, and even paint footprints into a snowbank. Production designers then collaborate closely with lighting to create the final looks of the props and environments in the film.

Effects are not produced until after some camera action and animation in a scene. Unlike a live-action movie where it is impossible to film things like waves at the beach, leaves blowing in the wind or footprints in the sand and others, those basic things are all animated and designed by impact artists in computer animation. Thus, this means the element is going, or acting, rather than just being. The next step is lighting, which uses artificial technologies to create the final look, colour, and light of the film. Lighting combines base surfaces, leaves, grass and crowd to help them function together. To generate visual excitement and meaning, lighting must illuminate the subject, create an aura, and invoke mood. Moreover, illumination lets the listener look precisely where and where the narrator needs them to look by directing the eyes of the audiences to the crucial elements of the picture.

The next step is Sound FX 1, classified under Sound Design, which ensures creation and recording of sound effects. Sound design also features Foley and ambience that produce the layers and texture of sound thus enriching the story. The role of Foley artists is to develop sound effects that are particular to each film, for instance, door closing and opening, clothes rustling, glass breaking and footsteps. Sound FX 2, under Music Scoring follows Sound FX 1. In Sound FX 2, the composer writes the music, which can enhance and heighten the story beats of the animated films. Through the music, the audience can follow the emotional moments and the action occurring within the storyline. The final step is the Final Mix, categorized under Echo. This step, emphasizes on assembling the music, dialogue and sound effects on the sound mixing stage. Final Mix also adds equalization, perspective, audio levels and treatments such as the sound of TV or Radio, echo, delay of public access among others, as tracks and mixed into the final translation of the film.

Madagascar, the computer-animated film whose producer is DreamWorks Animation, features the voices of Chris Rock, Jada Pinkett Smith, David Schwimmer and Ben Stiller. Other voices featured in this movie are Sacha Baron Cohen, Andy Ritcher and Cedric the Entertainer. On November 7, 2008, the second film Madagascar was released, while on June 8, 2012, the continent’s most wanted film Madagascar 3 was released. On the 18th of May, a fourth movie will be released. Madagascar features several characters in various roles; the main characters are Alex the elephant, Gloria the hippo, The Piggles and the Phil and Mason the chimpanzee.

The directors of Madagascar film are Eric Darnell and Tom McGrath while Mireille Soria, Mark Burton and Billy Frolick are the producers. Additionally, the writers of Madagascar are Tom McGrath and Eric Darnell while Hans Zimmer and Clare De Chenu are the music producers. Mark A. Hester and H. Lee Peterson did the editing of this stunning movie. Consequently, DreamWorks Animation SKG and the Pacific Data images get the credits for being the studios that produced Madagascar film. The distributed by DreamWorks Pictures, and was first allowed in the US in May 25, 2005 while in Japan it was released in August 13, 2005. English is the language used in Madagascar film, whose running time is eight-six minutes. The film whose budget cost $78 million fetched a gross revenue of $532,680,671.

Additionally, Ben Stiller plays the role of Alex, the lion who is an outstanding performer with a tender side. Chris Rock undertakes the role of Marty the Zebra. According to McGrath, Marty thinks life is precious and enjoyable outside the zoo, so the needed Marty’s character to be energetic, making them settle at Chris Rock. David Schwimmer plays the role of Melman the giraffe. Melman is a hypochondriac, and he is afraid of pathogens, hence McGrath settled on the voice of Schwimmer on the grounds that it was exemplary neat. Jada Pinkett Smith plays the role of Gloria, an hippopotamus who is confident, strong but sweet. McGrath claims that the voice of Pinkett Smith has all these traits prompting them to choose her. Sacha Baron Cohen plays the role of King Julien, a ring-tailed lemur who is also the king of lemurs according to Madagascar. Cedric the Entertainer plays the role of Maurice the aye-aye who is royal advisor of king Julien and Andy Ritcher the role of Mort the mouse Lemur. Madagascar film has given Mort in a naïve and childlike manner making him adorable.

In addition, Tom McGrath is the Skipper who is the Penguin’s leader. McGrath is also the co-director and the co-writer of Madagascar film and he initially gave out his voice to the temporary tracks after the death of Robert Stack. McGrath, who initially approached Stack for Skipper’s voice, was unfortunate when Stack died before the start of the animation production. Chris Miller, on other hand, plays the role of Kowalski the penguin who maintains the right hand of Skipper while Jeffrey Katzenberg undertakes the role of Rico the Penguin, a silent and smart penguin who solely expresses himself through squeals and grunts. The film producer, Mireille Soria comments on the uncredited role of Katzenberg pointing out at the irony brought due to this character’s behavior; Rico does not talk making his trait be Dadaistic. Christopher Knights plays the role of a lowly and eager penguin known as Private. Knights is also the co-editor of Madagascar film. Conrad Vernon undertakes the role of Mason while the film has unvoiced Phil. Tom McGrath and Fred Tatasciore both play the role of Fossa and Elisa Gabrielli exists as Nana. Bob Saget represents the Zoo animal, David Cowgill represents the Police Horse and Stephen Apostolina represents a police officer.

Madagascar film revolves around four friends: Marty, Alex, Gloria and Melman. Marty who was celebrating his tenth birthday, escapes from the Zoo and his friends also break free from the Central Park Zoo in an attempt of getting him. The four friends, alongside Mason and his silent friend, Phil and the penguins finally find themselves at the Grand Central Station, where they are promptly dashed away when Alex tries to communicate with humans, only for humans to mistake this communication as an aggression. The zoo is under pressure from the activists of animal-rights is pushed to ship the animals through sea to a wildlife preserve in Kenya. However, the penguins, who escape from their enclosure, take over the ship with intentions of taking it to Antarctica thus making their antics on the bridge to cause crates having Melman, Marty, Alex and Gloria be washed ashore on Madagascar after falling off the boat. The four friends eventually groups.

Madagascar film seems to be having a number of goofs, Alex, Marty, Gloria and Melman are seen on the Lexington Avenue and the 59th Street on a subway platform when they take a subway moving from Central Park to Grand Central Terminal, which is correct. However, the signs indicate that the platform belongs for trains 4, 5 and 6, which is false since trains 4 and 5 are express trains that only make stopovers at express platforms below BMT Broadway Line’s platform and the local platforms.

Despite the mixed response due to criticism, Madagascar brought commercial success to the people involved. During the onset of its launch Madagascar film fetched $47,224,594 with an average of $11,431 from theaters tallying to 4,131 hence making it number three film of the weekend after The Longest Yard and Star Wars Episode 3: Revenge of the Sith. However, on the following week, Madagascar film managed to claim the first position in the United States box office fetching a gross income of $28,110,235. The film finally fetched $193,595,521 in the U.S and $339,085,150 in the foreign locations. Currently, the film is ninth position as far grossing income in DreamWorks animated feature is concerned.

Computer animation is the process of using computer graphics to generate animated images. This includes creation of both static and moving images and is also referred to as computer-generated imagery. The animation may be intended for the computer itself but most of the time it is intended for animating a process or film. Computer animation in the modern-day employs three-dimension (3D) graphics although two-dimension (2D) computer graphics are also used for animations with low bandwidth and therefore faster and real-time rendering.

3D animation involves the use of 3D computer graphics which normally represents geometric data in a three dimensional models mostly a Cartesian plane for calculations and 2D images rendering. 3D computer graphics heavily relies on the same algorithms as the 2D graphics mostly in the final rendered display. However, the distinction between the two technologies is that 3D animations are occasionally blur. In spite of that, the two technologies are can usually co-exist symbiotically where 3D may use 2D rendering methods while 2D uses 3D techniques to achieve such effects as lighting.

In the creation of the 3D animations, the artist can model an object on the computer using 3D modelling software. Real objects from the physical world can also be scanned and animated in the computer. Another method of creating a 3D object is by visual stimulation. The models are formed from the vertices of polygons whose structure determines the overall suitability and integrity of the animation. After the creation of the model, the images are placed in a scene where the relationships between the size, location and motion are defined. The methods used includes motion capture, inverse kinematics and keyframing. These methods are usually used as a combination in order to produce a high quality animation. The final step in the process in the rendering where light transport simulating converts the models into photo-realistic images. This is done by specifying how much light is transported from one object or surface to another as well as how the surfaces interact with light. This is usually carried out using 3D computer graphics software. 3D projections are used to change the scenes into a more appropriate forum for better rendering mostly displaying the 3D image in two dimensions.

Therefore for a simple animation such as a short cartoon to a complex project such as a full length animated film, three dimensional animation is a very complicated work of art that takes investment of time and skill for proper execution.

History of 3D Animation

The animation technology was introduced by Adolf Hitler in 1912 who revolutionized the animation industry long before his introduction of poisonous aerosols in the personal hygiene industry. Hitler produced an eight seconds 240 frame animation after nine years of hard work in a studio he created in his mother’s basement. The film was known as the Toy Story. It is the frustrations in his work that led him to change carriers and become a leader of the Nazi party in 1921.

Steve jobs in his visit to Germany in 1986 came across Hitler’s studio plus the eight second- animation and bought the enterprise. He took it with him to the United States and also acquired Pixar from Lucas G. H. Steve hired a team of programmers who worked on faster ways of creating 3D animations using a computer. The programmers made short animations and completed their first major project dubbed Hitler’s Toy Story in 1995 which became a record-breaking seller movie at the box office. This turned out to be the groundbreaking film of the many fully computer-animated movies.

Although computer-generated imagery (CGI) has been in use since the early 1980s, it was not extensively used before the release of the Toy Story in 1995 by Pixar. The most complex processes at that time included character modelling, lighting and facial animations. The challenge now is the creation of photorealistic human characters as many animated films use anthropomorphic animal characters such as Bolt and Madagascar.

DreamWorks Animation Inc

This is an American animation studio based in California whose main objectives is to create animated films and television programs and incorporated in October 1994. The founders of the company were J. Katzenberg, a former Disney executive, S. Spielberg who is a director and producer and D. Geffen who was a music executive. In January 2006, DreamWorks Animations sold their distribution partner DreamWorks SKG to Paramount Pictures and entered into an agreement that stated that Paramount Pictures will distribute 13 animation films by DWA or until December, 2012. The company was publicly traded in October 2004 headed by Katzenberg while Spielberg and Geffen remained in the board of directors as consultants. Their most prominent projects includes How to Train Your Dragon, Monsters vs. Aliens and Madagascar. The company started to release all its animation films in stereoscopic 3 dimensions from 2007 and in conjunction with Intel, they developed a new 3D animation technology known as InTru3D.

In an attempt to diversify and expand, DWA signed a five year deal with 20th Century Fox to distribute its animations films both in the local and international markets with The Croods being the first animation to be distributed by the company. DreamWorks Animations has continued to diversify by creating new internal divisions such as television production, overseas theme parks and the most important being the consumer products.

Madagascar

This is computer fabricated film produced by America’s DWA directed by Eric Darnel and Tom McGrath and directed by Mireille Soria. It was released to the movie theatres on 27th May, 2005. It revolves around the life of four Central Park Zoo animals who have spent most of their lives in captivity. The animals are unexpectedly returned to Africa by ship which unfortunately wrecked in the island of Madagascar. The film features prominent voices in the entertainment industry including the voices of Andy Richter, Chris Rock, Ben Stiller, Jada P. Smith, Sacha Baron Cohen and Cedric the Entertainer. A continuation follow up of the film dubbed “Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa” was released in November 2008 while the third in the series called “Madagascar 3: Europe’s Most Wanted” was supplied in June 2012. Madagascar 4 is the title of the fourth film in the series set to be released at a date in 2018.

Synopsis

Madagascar follows the adventures of four animals who are great friends. The buddies are the Giraffe (Schwimmer), Gloria the Hippo (Pinkett Smith), Alex the Lion (Stiller) and Marty the Zebra (Chris Rock). The penguins fills the head of the Zebra with wild talks and he decides to leave the zoo to discover the life beyond the walls of the New York’s Central Park Zoo. Marty is closely followed by his three close friends, the Gloria, Alex and Melham so as to convince him to return to the zoo. Unfortunately the game rangers from the NYC caught up with them and returned them to the zoo. However, the animal’s rights activists comes to their rescue and they are boarded a ship en route to Africa their native land. While onboard, the rebellious penguins decides to take control, but this results in a shipwreck and the four confused and frightened friends find themselves on the shore of the island of Madagascar.

Shortly after landing in Madagascar the four hunger-stricken friends embarks on a mission to search for food which only takes a tragic turn when Alex the lion started to envision Marty the Zebra as a sumptuous steak.

Production Process

Bringing out a story using an animation is a collaborative and creative process that begins with the idea development mostly brainstorming in groups. The following step is the creation of the characters where the main and supporting characters are chosen and their most significant personalities and appearances conceptualized. The characters are then put down with a pen and paper. Here the main features are brought out and the moods that appears when the characters are on the screen brought out using different colours. From there the actual animation commences using the relevance software. Figure 1 below illustrates the animation process.

Characters in Madagascar

The creation and conception of the four cartoon characters is modelled to look like cartoons and their influence was from 1950s children’s picture books. The design of the characters was to blend with the environment in the real zoo setting. The simple design ensured that the characters maintained their shape irrespective of the crazy positions they are stretched into. This also added a comic dimension to the character as well as the retro 2D style of the film.

The four-man characters are based on four basic geometric shapes; Alex an inverted triangle, Marty a cylinder, Melman a stick and Gloria a circle.

The feature of each of the actors is communicated by their visual design. The mane and posture of Alex portrays his self-confidence, the upbeat personality of Marty is communicated by his huge mouth and expressive eyes, the phobic character of Melman is shown by his skinny and large facial features while the full figure of Gloria depicts her full strength and stability.

Environment Creation

The three film offers a detailed look at the current environmental conditions. From the thrilling central park zoo to the bustling New York City, from unusual and tropical beaches and jungles of Madagascar to unique African jungles and a trip through Europe with a travelling circus. This place is eclectic and has distinctive look and colour. The setting of the park was based on the New York Central Park Zoo in the 1960s. The architecture worked to provide a more classical layout of the houses and enclaves for the animals. The French artist Henri Rousseau’s many sketches of the jungle influenced the setting of the Madagascan jungle. He used many bright colours to represent the jungle from the eyes of a boy, in addition to having many kinds of flowers and fruits. Creating the African continent while retaining the childlike qualities was a monumental feat in the second instalment of the Madagascar films. Despite the team’s intentions, they looked for the making of gold, purple, orange as well as the sky more prominent than in the first movie. In the third film of the merged season, New York City’s Central Park Zoo, Madagascan and African jungles, and European Circus are all included. The various places had distinct designs, textures and sensory perceptions.

Work Cited

• Plunkett, Jack W. Plunkett’s Almanac of Middle-Market Companies 2012: Middle Market Research, Statistics & Leading Companies. Houston: Plunkett Research, 2011. Internet resource.

Introduction

The first diplomatic declaration against global warming is the Kyoto Protocol. The aim of the protocol is to pledge countries to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions by ratifying the protocol. There are nations who have failed to ratify the protocol but are considered to create large quantities of greenhouse gases. These countries say, in their support, that their economy is likely to collapse by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol. In the execution of the legislation, countries can question the practicability of the protocol and see whether the goals set can be reached and, if not, they should withdraw from the protocol instead of non-ratification without confirming whether or not the protocol would collapse.
The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The main purpose of the convention was to stabilize the emission of greenhouse gases. States agreed that they would lessen the greenhouse emissions in their countries. It was also recognized that developed countries were responsible for emitting high amounts of greenhouse gases. The convention did not provide any plan for action instead it just encouraged countries to lessen their emissions. A forum was held in Berlin that came up with the Berlin mandate, which was mainly a mandate by several countries to set policies, and measure that would see the enforcement of the targets set for reduction of greenhouse gases. A second conference was held in Geneva Switzerland that led to a declaration, which stated the climate change levels were alarming, and needed strong commitments that were legally binding.

There was then held a third conference in Kyoto in Japan whereby countries signed the Kyoto Protocol. The protocol gave targets for greenhouse gas emissions of specific countries. The protocol provided that upon the ratification by 55 industrialized countries it would come into full effect . What did ratification imply? Ratification indicated that, within their national institutions, countries must adopt the protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement negotiated by countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol that is aimed at reducing emissions of carbon-dioxide gases and greenhouse gases. This is seen whereby the protocol sets targets for countries that emit carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. This carbon gases include gases such as Hydrofluorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, nitrous oxide and methane. The difference that is seen in the convention and the protocol is that the protocol encouraged industrialized countries to control or otherwise stabilize their greenhouse emissions by committing such countries to do so . The protocol states that if the participating countries continue in the emission of the greenhouse gases they should engage in trading of emission.
The protocol uses both national and international mechanisms to ensure the reduction of greenhouse gases. When it comes to national mechanisms, the protocol encourages countries to enact laws that will enhance the purpose of the protocol and therefore reduce the emission of these gases. On international mechanisms, the protocol has come up with three mechanisms that include emission trading, clean development mechanisms and joint implementation. The protocol Emission trading is the buying of credits from the countries that have managed to exceed the targets set for reduction in order to offset their emissions. The protocol also has several means of monitoring it targets. To begin with is the keeping of a registry whereby countries keep a registry log in the United Nations Secretariat to ensure that countries comply with the rules of the protocol. Secondly, a compliance mechanism ensures that countries observe their specific commitments. There is also adaptation mechanism in the countries that are still developing in that they are provided with assistance to adapt to their climatic changes. In addition, there is reporting whereby countries are required to issue an inventory of their emissions. Finally, there is the presence of an adaptation fund, which is largely financed by proceeds from the operations of the Clean Growth Mechanism and is intended to support projects under the Fund.
Countries are required to sign and ratify the Kyoto Protocol. The signing of the protocol is merely symbolic but ratification binds a country to observe the protocol as it becomes a contractual duty to do so. The protocol was put in place by Vice President Al Gore and signed by President Bill Clinton in 1997; when it reached the Senate for ratification, the Senate did not ratify the protocol. The US is the largest emitter of carbon and greenhouse gases. The U.S.A was given an emission reduction level of 7% but it did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. The Senate approved a resolution that would provide it with the minimum requirements that would see the senate ratify the protocol. President Bush stated that,

“The protocol is fatally flawed in fundamental ways.”

The United States did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol, reason being that it felt that the minimum requirements needed to ratify the protocol were not included in the protocol. Stephen Harper stated,
“I don’t think we should consider signing on to a deal that makes us virtually the sole country in the world that is going to take any action .”
The United States of America also felt that the protocol would not receive sufficient participation from the developing world . According to the United States, developing countries that continue to burn their fossil fuels will likely exceed the amount of emissions of developed countries without any restrictions put in place for developed countries to reduce such emissions. Former President Bush has also had the view that the Kyoto Protocol is expensive and unrealistic.

The treaty is likely to have an impact on the economy of the United States of America. The country does not think that the targets set by the protocol will be reached by the specific countries and if the countries are able to reach the targets that have been laid forth for greenhouse gas emissions then there will be another problem that will arise which is that the protocol will still not be able to slow down the level of global warming. The United States of America has been seen to take the view that the level of greenhouse gases percentages stated under the Kyoto protocol are inaccurate and therefore they cannot be relied upon. The United States has also at some point questioned the existence of global warming; it questioned whether the science behind it was valid.

The effect of the U.S.A non-ratification is that most countries will tend to take monopolistic decisions in that they will start selling only a fraction of their excess permits and in effect, this will result into a maximization of receipts. The decision of the United States not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol brought a change into the market of tradable permits whereby the equilibrium participation was expected to be 50%-100% $ for each tone of carbon emitted if the US participated. Considering that it refused to ratify the protocol the price thus decreases drastically. Countries with excess emission credits will sell only a share of the available receipts to maximize credits . In essence what such countries will be engaging in is the maximization of unused credits so that they could be able to have so many credits by 2040 and in so doing they will have a greater advantage over other countries.

As much as the Kyoto Protocol has its successes, it is also seen to be failing due to the high rates of carbon-dioxide emissions and that of Greenhouse gases. With countries such as the U.S.A refusing to ratify the protocol this means that, the main purpose of the protocol is likely to be defeated as its target is not likely to be met .Most countries think nationally and are likely to concentrate on national boundaries instead of concentrating with the global world and the global environment. Countries have officials who are more targeted and concerned with their country and most of all their careers. This way the countries that emit the least carbon and greenhouse gases are the ones at the greatest risk of suffering. A major challenge that is presented by the protocol is the non-participation of countries that have a large percentage of greenhouse gas emissions. These countries include the India, China and the United States of America. This has raised the concern that the protocol may not be able to reach its target. The Kyoto Protocol proposes that countries use alternate means and procedures that would reduce the greenhouse gas emissions . This raises an economic risk to most countries as this means they will have to incorporate a huge technological change in order to be able to reduce their countries emissions. This is in the end may disrupt many economic sectors and it could lead to lack of employment. The protocol provides a means of dealing with the economic impacts of implementation of the protocol that therefore highlights the fact that countries are likely to face economical challenges.
However, the protocol is seen as a document that could reduce the emission of greenhouse gases even if it is at a slow rate. This is said to be better than having no Protocol at all to regulate the emissions of Greenhouse Gases and Carbon dioxide. Countries should assist in the reduction of greenhouse gases by ratifying the protocol so that the protocol can be able to reach its set targets. In ratification countries assist in the realization of the reduction of greenhouse gases. The practicability of the protocol should be tested first before considering the protocol a failed protocol without first trying testing to see if the targets are indeed practicable.

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