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Bushfire Risk Management in Maryborough, Victoria

mrzee

February 27, 2021

Bushfire Risk Management in Maryborough, Victoria

Risk Evaluation

Introduction

Australia has a tradition of forest fires, most of which arise during the cooler months between January and April and again between August and December. The nation has had a perennial bush fire tragedy. Australia has had a climate change that promotes the prevalence of thy, flames, hot and dry climate in the region, marked by broad grasslands that perpetuate the burning. Although fires pose a great danger to human life, for each of these catastrophes, the world reports differing amounts of human fatalities, other indigenous flora in the country have evolved and today rely on bushfires to sustain their lives by seed dispersal and promote germination (Matthews, 2011). Despite the beneficial effect of fires on the flora and fauna of the world, the scale of the loss of life and the devastation of infrastructure in the country is unjustified, requiring the country to spend millions of dollars in order to preserve the populace.

The state of Victoria is among the most adversely affected states in the world, which has had a long history of bushfire disasters. The most recent of such disasters in the state was the Black Saturday bushfires, which resulted in more than one hundred and seventy deaths (O’Brien, 2002). To prevent such unwarranted loss of human lives and property, the Victorian state government has instituted several agencies such as the Department of environment and primary industries and the county fire authority both of which work in collaboration to mitigate on such disasters in the future. To do this, the organizations carry out effective risk assessment thus inform their population appropriately with the view of preventing the loss of lives and property in case of such fires. Additionally, the authorities strive to curb the fires in case they break out before the result in extensive loss of the country’s flora.

Risk assessment refers to the analysis of a situation concerning the establishment of the qualitative and quantitative value of risk owing to the recognition of possible threats. Quantitative risk assessment requires the determination of both the magnitude of the latent loss arising from the threat and the probability that the risk will materialize owing to the prevailing factors in relation to the potential threat. Risk assessment and planning involves the utilization of varying amount of resources depending on the nature and size of the underlying potential of the risk. Such develops the concept of acceptable risk, which refers to the risk that the community can only accommodate. The cost of implementing an effective countermeasure to such risks is always too great for the community to bear. Furthermore, vulnerability of the countermeasure always exceeds the expected loss, such compel the community to understand and tolerate the prevailing risks (Lerche & Glaesser, 2006).

An effective assessment of the risk that the fires present to the local population in the state of Victoria has helped reduce the deaths and magnitude of property damage in the event of such fires. However, the assessment compels the analysis of such factors as the climatic condition and the nature of the vegetative cover in the state. With such, the state authorities can therefore manage the settlement of the people and control the activities of the local communities with the view of reducing the activities that pose threats such as smoking and garbage burning among other uncontrolled fire during the dry months. Sensitization and preparedness helps minimize the destruction of the fires since the local population stay aware of the nature of the prevalence of the fires. Additionally, the state authorities are also therefore capable of carrying out specific measures that help minimize the risk.

Risk Assessment Matrix and Methodology

The fires vary in size thus pose varying risks to the local community. The varying magnitudes of the risks thus validate the use of a risk matrix, which makes it easier for the local authority to determine the probability of a risk, and thus map out an effective mitigation. Statistically, the size of a risk is the product of the magnitude of the risk and its severity. The harshness of a risk depends on its effects. Based on the history of the Australian fires and fires in the state of Victoria, they often present such risks as loss of lives, destruction of property, displacement and destruction of the natural landscape. Additionally, the probability of the occurrence of the risk is always high since the country has a hot and dry climate that propagates the fires (Sullivan, 2009).

The severity of the risks can therefore fall into the following classification; catastrophic, marginal, critical and negligible. Catastrophic risks refer to those that claim multiple lives and result in the displacement of many people. Critical risks may claim a few lives probably between one and ten and displace a handful people. Marginal risk may cause destruction of the natural resources but not claim any life or destroy any property. Minimal risk on the other hand refers to a risk that does not result in any form of either destruction of property or death.

The state will therefore divide its climatic condition to two such as between August to February, which are always among the hottest, and March to July, which experience short, rains thus pose minimal risks to the population. Below is a possible risk matrix for the state:

After classifying the severity of the risks as catastrophic critical marginal and negligible, the probability of such risks occurring will therefore use such coordinates as certain, likely, possible and rare. The risk matrix will thus appear as follows:

	Negligible	Marginal	Critical	Catastrophic
Certain	High	High	Extreme	Extreme
Likely	Moderate	High	High	Extreme
Possible	Low	Moderate	High	Extreme
Unlikely	Low	Low	Moderate	Extreme
Rare	Low	Low	Moderate	High

It is however to categorize bush fires especially during the hot weather as low risk since fires are unpredictable. The spread of the fires depend on the prevailing climatic such as wind. The state government must therefore consider every fire outbreak as extreme risk thus advises as much caution from the public as possible. Such may influence the voluntary transfer of people from the high-risk areas thus minimizing the risk. The size of the risk from the fires also arise from the size of the bushes, smaller bushes present smaller risks to the neighboring population. However, the populations that neighbor larger grasslands and shrubs must exercise heightened caution such as relocation during hot climates since such are the only surest mitigation to the risks posed by the fires (Hallenbeck, 1986).

The major causes of the fires in the state include lighting, deliberate, agricultural campfires while some remain unknown. The risk of the fire outbreaks thus depend on the prevalence of the causes among which lighting leads followed by deliberate fires which unlike the lighting does not always spread over wide geographical region. Agricultural activities as farmers burn chaff in their farms is the third cause of the fires followed by campfires while some of the cause remain unknown.

Prioritizing the Risks

Prioritizing the risks will depend on both the probability and the severity of the risks. Among the determined cause of the bush fires are lighting and deliberate. This implies that the government must prepare the local population for the fires caused by nature. Unfortunately, lightning cause fires deep in the bushes leading to the consumption of wider geographical area. Such fires thus have expansive effects on the region as they result in the destruction of the flora and possible death of humans. However, since they begin deep in the bush, the government has time to sensitive their spread among the local population thus vacating the high volatile areas in time. Deliberate fires on the other hand are less common. However, since humans rarely walk into the forest to start the fires, they do so near habited areas. Such fires therefore often pose greater danger to the local communities since they burn close to the residential areas thus leaving the government with minimal time to carry out the sensitization.

The limitation of the risks thus depends on the government’s ability to determine the risks and their prevalence accurately. Apparently, lightening and deliberate fires pose the greatest risks often resulting in massive loss of human lives, property and the evident destruction of the natural resources. The extent of the fires contributes to the risks that each cause poses to the local community. The materialization of the extreme risks results in the death of people, loss of property and the destruction of the natural resources.

Quantifying Major Risks

The major risks in the state are lightening and human action, which contribute to malice. The hot climatic condition coupled with the numerous lightning in the state contributes to the fires that cause more damage. Furthermore, during such climatic conditions, the regions experienced heightened wind, which further spread the bush fires faster. The fires pose great danger to the animals living in the forest thus resulting in major conflicts between humans and the animals. The wild animals cause deaths and destruction of property as they seek cover in areas habited by humans. Additionally, the fires spread towards the areas habited by humans thus causing destruction of property and at times the loss of human lives.

Malicious human actions are yet other causes of the bush fires that cause great danger to humans since such fires burn close to the areas habited by humans. In quantifying the potential risks and their prevalence, one evaluates the underlying threats, which may facilitate the materialization of such risks. The two potential risks thus are lighting and human actions. Campfires, cigarettes and agriculture are all human actions. The consideration of such thus makes human actions the greatest risk only that some of the actions are deliberate while others are accidental. From the analysis of the risks as done above, the government can therefore formulate effective policies that to help anticipate and minimize the effects of such bush fires as the Black Saturday bushfire.

References

Hallenbeck, W. H. (1986). Quantitative risk assessment for environmental and occupational health. Chelsea, Mich.: Lewis Publishers.
Lerche, I. & Glaesser, W. (2006). Environmental risk assessment : quantitative measures,anthropogenic influences, human impact. Berlin: Springer.
Matthews, H. (2011). Karridale Bush Fires 1961. Karridale: Progress Association Inc.O’Brien, M. (2002). Making better environmental decisions: an alternative to risk assessment.Cambridge, Massachusetts: Springer.
Sullivan, R. (2009). Hot and dry Australia sees wildfire danger rise. Sydney: The Association Press.

Woolworths Strategic Marketing Analysis

mrzee

February 25, 2021

Summary
Introduction
Sustainability strategy for Woolworths
SWOT Analysis
Impact of integrative approach on the future of Woolworth
Integrative approach and competitive advantages
Recommendation
Conclusion
References

Summary

Each business has a negative or positive impact on individuals and the environment. Larger businesses have a bigger impact on individuals and the environment. Woolworths has several brands and is one of Australia’s leading retail companies (Woolworths Limited, 2007, P. 2). Since its first establishment in 1924 in Sydney’s Pitt Street, it has existed for almost 90 years (Woolworths Supermarkets, 2013). Because of their size, all of their stakeholders expect them to be involved in environmental sustainability.

Woolworths, Caltex and Woolworths Petrol, Safeway, Dick Smith Electronics, Tandy, PowerHouse, BWS, BIG W, Dan Murphy’s, Countdown, Foodtown and others are among its major brands. It has retail stores in almost all of Australia’s major cities, as well as New Zealand. It has more than 3, 000 stores, petrol stations, distribution centres, and administration offices. Woolworth had 2,707 retail stores by the end of 2006 and has an expansion plan aimed at having about 3, 557 stores by the end of 2015. The lives of countless people are directly and indirectly affected by Woolworths. It has around 320,000 shareholders, serves 180,000 employees and serves around 21 million customers every week (Woolworths Limited, 2007, P. 7).

Introduction

Sustainability strategy ensures that a company engages in environmentally and people friendly activities in their manufacturing, distribution and procurement processes while still being able to maintain its competitive advantages. Most companies are embracing the concept of sustainable development (D’Amato, Henderson and Florence 2009, P.1). That helps to protect the company’s capital base, human resources and environmental resources sustainable development involves implementation of production and trade approaches and activities that ensure that a business maintain competitive advantages, acquire the targeted market share, satisfy the desires of their stakeholders while still defending, protecting, supporting and improving all its stakeholders and natural environmental resources thus ensuring that this resources are still available for future generation (The International Institute for Sustainable Development, Deloitte & Touche and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 1992)

To achieve sustainability and economic growth has been an uphill task or most of the company (The International Institute for Sustainable Development, Deloitte & Touche and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 1992). Sustainability strategy must be aligned with business strategy and be integrated in the day to day company’s activities. Sustainable development ensures competitive advantages due improvement in the management, employees’ motivation, strong performance measurement tools, proper allocation of resources as well as good organization structure. It is clear that sustainability have a great impact on business (Berns at el, 2009, P.2). This report will analyze Woolworth’s strategic activities, SWOT analysis, the impact of integrated and offer recommendations to ensure their sustainability over a long period of time.

Sustainability Strategy for Woolworths

Large companies like Woolworths limited come up with organizational plans, goals, management structures, organizational culture and technology that ensure sustainability (The Strategic Management Society, n.d.). Sustainability increases competitive advantage of a company. According to (The International Institute for Sustainable Development, Deloitte & Touche and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (1992), most people seem to believe economic growth attribute to enormous environmental degradation and stern environmental laws and policy slow up economic growth. Most companies are therefore reluctant to allocate sufficient resources for environmental sustainability.

Woolworths limited has established a framework that supports sustainability. Their sustainability strategy is implemented by Sustainability Executive Committee (SEC) (Woolworths Limited, 2011, P. 2). SEC ensures that sustainability strategy is implemented on the right time at a fair cost. Other employees that participate directly in sustainability are sustainability champions who manage the required changes in collaboration with Eco Ambassador.

Woolworths seven years sustainability strategy from the year 2007 to the year 2015 is in line with government focus, customers attention and business responsibility to climatic changes thus their major focus is environmental conservation and waste reductions.

In addition Woolworths are committed to its people who include supplies, customers, employees, shareholders and community. It’s committed to providing quality products to its customers; provide health, motivating and safe workplace for their staffs and conserving environment for the community. Woolworths is expected to respect the rights of is suppliers, employees and support the local communities.

In the year 2004 Woolworths established Woolworths Australian Communities Foundation (WACF) to oversee their charitable activities through the support of its employees, customers and suppliers (Maseeha and Indu, 2008, P. 13). As a result of drought conditions of Australia, Woolworths has been supporting farmers since they are the main supplies of their fresh products. Woolworths has also been providing breakfast for school going children from less privileged families. Their Fresh Future Appeal and Big Heart community programmes has been supporting children’s hospitals to save the lives of ill children (Maseeha and Indu, 2008, P. 13).

Its commitment to healthy community is supported by who adhere to international standards as well as their Woolworths Quality Assurance standards (WQA). To achieve environmental sustainability and social responsibility there is need to analyze how the company uses its resources, its business models and business environment.

SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis is a management tool that helps to evaluate external and internal factors that affect a company and influence their profitability and sustainability. Internal factors are the company’s strengths and weakness while external factors are opportunities and threats (Dessler n.d., P. 79). Internal factors can be controlled by managers and directors while internal factors cannot be managed within the company since their effects cuts across different business (Downey 2007, P. 5). External factors include economical forces, political activities, technological factors, government regulations and competition (Strategic management insight 2013).

Woolworths’ Strengths

Employees

Woolworths has more than 195, 000 employees (Woolworths Limited 2012, P. 5).Their employees have been supportive in their charity work. For instance the Woolworths Australian Communities Foundation (WACF) was established in the year 2004 with the support of their staff as well as customers and suppliers (Maseeha and Indu, 2008, P. 13). In the year 2007 Woolworth’s employees contributed funds that were channel to support 41 organizations through their Employees Matching Award Scheme (EMAS) (Maseeha and Indu, 2008, P. 13). Each year employee also supports programmes that support children’s hospitals and sick children.

Woolworth has established teams of employees who are committed to their sustainability strategy. These employees are Sustainability Executive Committee (SEC), People Policy Committee, Safety and Health Executive Committee, Eco Ambassador and external professional and expert that advises the board members on environmental issues (Woolworths Limited, 2011, P. 2). Woolworths has also trained its employees on the energy saving behaviors such as switching of the air conditioner and bulbs when not in use

Assets

Woolworths operates more than 3000 stores, offices, hotels, petro stations among other facilities (Woolworths Limited, 2011, P. 7). Currently the company has introduced energy saving refrigerators, lighting system and air conditioners. 35 stores in Australia have also been fitted with energy reclaim systems that save energy. Their stores also use T5 lighting system that saves up to 90 percent of lighting energy (Maseeha and Indu, 2008, P. 8). From the year 2008 their new developments have been constructed under new energy saving guidelines. Most of their offices have water storage tanks to conserve water rain water and recycle that can be used for irrigation, car washing and toilet flashing.

In their transport and distribution system, Woolworths had to redesign their trucks to use less harmful fuels and minimize their travel distance (Maseeha and Indu, 2008, P. 9). The gas fueled trucks produced less harmful gas.

Their transport system used to consume a lot of fuel and in return emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere which causes global warming. Concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere causes a rise in temperature, high temperature leads to melting of ice causing a rise in sea level. High temperature also makes the ocean to release CO2. This means that reduction in the amount of CO2 release to the atmosphere can have a huge impact on prevention of climatic changes. Any effort by Woolworths to reduce harmful emission has great impact on the environment.

Woolworths has also introduced reusable creates that reduce wastage of wax and also minimize waste (Woolworths Limited, 2007, P. 24).

Policies

Woolworths has strong regulation and policies that ensures it delivers quality products to its customers. All their suppliers have to adhere to international and national standards as well as the Woolworths Quality Assurance standards (WQA) in their manufacturing, production, packaging, safety and cleanliness of their products (Maseeha and Indu, 2008, P. 15).

Products

The Woolworth Limited is committed to providing healthy products to its customers by ensuring their supplier meet the Woolworths Quality Assurance standards (Maseeha and Indu, 2008, P. 15). Their slogans implies that they supply fresh products to its customers at lower prices (Hassan Uddin and Bahauddin , 2012).

Woolworth’s Weakness

Lack of Consultation

Woolworths has a huge number of stakeholders who include employees, customers, suppliers and shareholders. In the decision about sustainability the Group sustainability managers felt that she have sufficient data and information to guide her in drafting the seven year strategy without consulting the employees, customer and the surrounding communities who are expected to be the beneficiaries of the projects (Woolworths Limited 2011).

Engaging the Employees

Involving all the stakeholders is a management strategy that creates a sense of ownership among all the involved parties. Involving all employs is key factors that promote motivation, equality and innovation (Woolworths Limited 2011).

External Factors- PESTEL analysis

These are factors that cannot be controlled by the organization since they operate over a large area and affects all the business in that sector. The company can therefore adjust their strategy to take advantage of positive environmental factors while avoiding the negative factors. The external factors are analyzed using PESTEL analysis or SWOT analysis. External factors are both opportunities and threats (Downey 2007, P. 6). External factors include political stability, economic prevailing conditions, social, competition, cultural background, legal policies technology use and environmental factors. Other factors include interest laws, labour laws, money transfer rates, health laws, customers needs, environmental laws, use of technology (Duggan 2012). According ( Goi, 2009) to strategy should is affected by products, distribution channels, promotion and pricing strategy

Opportunities

Technology

Australia is a developed country with high technology equipment. Woolworths was able to modify their trucks and cars to use natural gases as compared to fuel that produces harmful gases. This couldn’t be possible if the country does not have the natural gases fuelled engines (Maseeha and Indu, 2008, P. 9).

The company has also been able to manage their supplies through global electronic marketing and merchandising network this has helped to reduce communication cost, use of printing paper, limited movement and there reducing cost. This help to reduce waste, carbon emission and thus sustainability.

Retail Market

Australian retail market has been growing at an alarming rate and new companies are introducing completion in the market that has been dominated by few players (Ryan 2013). Woolworth is the leading supermarket but facing competition by international companies and other retail shops. Woolworth should take advantage of its current position as a market leader to support environmental sustainability and community charities in order to retain its customers who benefit from their community based projects. By supporting the farmer who produces fresh food the company also support its slogan on fresh food (Martec international 2008).

Threats

Competition

Woolworths is currently facing stiff competition from international retail stores, small retail stores and online stores (Ryan 2013). Competition is beneficial to the customers who due to low prices, community supports and environmental sustainability.

Impact of Integrative Approach on the Future of Woolworth

Integrated reports improve overall performance of the company. It helps the company to analysis both internal and external factors affecting the company. The company identifies its strengths and opportunities and uses them to improve its services delivery in a competitive environment. The company’s weakness are also indentified and eliminated while the threats are avoided. Sustainability may not have short term profits to Woolworths but future benefits on the business in regard to governance, mission and vision, organizational culture and ethics, organization external environment, competitive advantages, employee satisfaction, allocation and protection of resources and customer satisfaction cannot be underestimated.

The reporting helps the company identifies its organization structure and focus on how to improve the company’s governance. Organization operations are based on their ethics, culture, management structure, external environment, products and competitions (Bekefi, 2008, P.2). Sustainability strategy ensures that an organization creates, support and preserve ethical practices in all its operations. The company management must evaluates is remuneration strategy, individual employees skills and talents and how the organization culture is reflected in services delivery. Australian retail market currently has many players including new international company. Woolworths risk losing its market share is its stakeholders are not satisfied. The integrated reporting will help Woolworths improve its management structure and support is employees who in turn will offer excellent services to its customers.

The top managers have embedded environmental sustainability and community development in their day to day learning of the company. Sustainability improves the organization governance since resources are used effectively with the interest of all the stakeholders (Bekefi, 2008, P.2). Woolworths will be able to effectively use its resources such as strong workforce, policies and assets to improve its services delivery to its customers.

Integrated report helps to analyze the company’s opportunities and risks such as quality of the products, availability of suppliers, purchasing power of the customers, market conditions, competition, government policies in regard to environment, labor rights and licensing, Woolworths management do not have control over opportunities and risks but they can take advantages of the current opportunities such as market share and advanced technology in Australia.

The reports also help the company to develop a strategic plan. The plan helps to identify the long term, short term and medium term goals and develop ways to measure the achievement in regards to its goal. Organization resources are channeled towards achieving organizational goals, implementation of the strategy as well as meeting the needs and rights of its stakeholders by providing quality products to customers as well as promoting development and empowerment of the employees (Bekefi, 2008, P.2). The organization also allocates resources for community economic development projects as environmental conservation.

The consolidated reviews help to assess the success of the company with respect to short, medium and long-term priorities. Sustainability is a long term goal and Woolworths should focus on achieve its long term goals of saving water, reduced carbon emission and energy conservation.

Successful companies should understand current internal and external factors. the company’s management should also predict the future business environment and come up with a flexible strategy to ensure its success in future. Woolworths operates in unpredictable environment that is likely to attract new competitors. Integrated reports will help Woolworths develop a strategy that will ensure future success of the company.

Sustainability also focus on improving economic performance of the company by increasing profitability thus the shareholders are fairly compensated for their investment while the capital resources are protected (Bekefi, 2008, P.2).

Integrative Approach and Competitive Advantages

The overall goal of any organization is to be the market leader in their area of specialization. Woolworth’s strategy is to remain the market leader despite of the stiff competition from other retail stores. To maintain a competitive advantage, an organization needs to integrate sustainability with their business strategy by developing an integrated report. Organizations that engage in isolated and unplanned environmental and community sustainability activities do not benefit fully since sustainable business activities should focus on long term goals of the organization (Deloitte, 2010, P. 18). Effective sustainability is integrated into daily operations of the organization through a business strategy.

Sustainability ensures integration of three aspects in an organization that include environmental, social and economical. The environmental aspects ensures that an organization support environmentally friendly activities. Woolworths should support green suppliers, use minimum energy and minimum waste. In the social aspect Woolworth should ensure well being of all its stakeholders and support economic development of the community. In return the organization reduces management cost and gains support from its customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders and the surrounding community. These increase its competitive advantages.

Woolworths should ensure that its operations are in line with sustainable supply and demand chains, use of technology and loyalty to regulation to increase its competitive advantages.

Woolworths serves more than 28 million customers per week (Woolworths Limited, 2011, P. 7). Therefore their strategy is to attract customers by offering fresh, health, and quality product to its customer at an affordable price. This can be achieved by changing their business model and source their products from green (The International Institute for Sustainable Development, Deloitte & Touche and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 1992, P. 2) .The business model is called Everyday Low Prices (Woolworths Limited, 2007, P. 2). Australian people are also weight and health conscious. Most people prefer fresh food with less fat, easy to prepare and organic foods and there their business strategy is to meet the needs of the people it serves (Hassan Uddin and Bahauddin , 2012).

Integrated reports helps to improve organization structure, its governance, its strategic plan, understand its opportunities and risks, its resources allocation, performance analysis, business model and predict the future business environment. Which will support the business by ensuring that its day-to-day procedures are consistent with its short-term and long-term priorities.

Recommendation

Woolworth is huge company and their business practices affect environments, its people and the surrounding community. To ensure sustainability Woolworth’s strategy must focus on people, environment and profitability. Its development and expansion activities have led to emission of harmful gases in the air, climatic changes, global warming, destruction of natural resources, displacement of people and water flow. Their business activities have also led to overcrowding of people in same area, CO2 emissions and landfills through waste material. Woolworths must therefore invest its resources to environmental activities and supporting its people. This will ensure business sustainability over a long period.

It must develop an integrated report that involves all the business elements such as its resources, opportunities, weaknesses, performance analysis, organization structure, culture, ethics and values as well as its organizational goals.

To ensure sustainability Woolworths must align its day to day activities with their business sustainability strategy through integrated reporting. Woolworths should actively involve all its stakeholders in decision making process. Employees are important company asset and therefore the company should develop a proper remuneration strategy, involves them in decision making process and promote diversity in terms talents and skills.

Insist on selling only eco friendlily products and source their products from suppliers who are compliant with their Woolworths Quality Assurance standards (Maseeha and Indu, 2008, P. 15). The company should also disengage suppliers who disrespect labor laws, environmental laws, health standards and other international laws that support human rights.

Conclusion

Woolworths is a major retail company in Australia that focuses on the three major aspect of sustainable development that includes community, environment and profitability. It strategy is to ensure it meets the needs of its people using the available resources without undermining the possibility of future generation to meet its need.

Development of integrated report is a multifaceted activities that involves analysis of internal and external factors and using the analysis to develop a strategy that ensure sustainability activities are integrated into daily activities of the company. Woolworth’s management has recognized that sustainability is the only way to ensure it remains competitive in a dynamic environment. However there it needs to develop plans that ensure its sustainability strategy is integrated in the day to day operations of the organization.

It has been involved in environmental conservation, reduction of harmful gas emission and community development. There is need to invest more resources in environmental conservation and community project since their huge size have greater impact on the environment.

For any leading company to maintain its competitive advantage in a dynamic environment with new entrants who may offer their products at lower prices, the company must have a comprehensive strategy that involve all aspects of conducting business.

References

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Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

mrzee

February 25, 2021

The principle of greening the planet to prevent global warming has become an utter fiasco and needs a different solution to it. Governments and other non-governmental organisations are continuously making statements in media stories on how much they have managed to curb greenhouse gas pollution and regulate global change with the dream of greening the planet. I am of the opinion, though, and argue that as greenhouse gas emissions are looked at from a holistic standpoint, all statements of accomplishments have been complete disappointment. This is because on a constant basis, “rates of greenhouse emission keeps going up with very little to no significant rate of reduction recorded in the trend” (Armour and Roe, 2011). Meanwhile, greenhouse gas emission has been found to be the “major cause of global warming, a phenomenon that puts the future of the entire globe at risk for future survival” (Galford et al, 2010). Scientists have actually warmed of the looming danger with global warming, giving every indication that note much has been done so far to calve the situation. In this argumentation or position essay, I take a stand that all efforts on greening the earth by reducing greenhouse gas emission have been a total failure and that there is the need for a paradigm shift, backed by pragmatic global intervention to be taken on the prevailing situation.

Once it controls the emission of greenhouse gases from its source, there is evidence that the levels of these harmful gases into the atmosphere will be reduced. One of the approaches to reducing the presence of greenhouse gas emissions is thus by reducing the number of possible sources from which the emission comes from. However, the EPA (2010) in its latest survey and research found that there are new sources of greenhouse gas emission springing up by the day. What is quite disturbing is the degree to which some of these rather new sources are controlling the levels of greenhouse gas emissions. In the chat below, seven major sources of greenhouse gas emissions are identified with corresponding levels of contribution of greenhouse gas emissions from these sources.

2008 Global CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion and some Industrial Processes (million metric tons of CO2)

Source: IPPC (2007)

The EPA (2010) states from the aforementioned statistic that factors such as irrigation, waste and waste water, and residential and industrial buildings are very recent sources that have been applied over the years to the sources of greenhouse gas pollution. Therefore, the understanding is that these sources did not pose any danger to the environment in terms of the production of greenhouse gases in previous years. Through these arguments, I would raise a question to justify my stance that if achievements have already been accomplished, why do greenhouse gas pollution sources rise rather than decrease?

The University of Washington (2011) reports a startling discovery from data of a growing array of sources of greenhouse gas pollution that the rate of greenhouse gas emissions have become so alarming that there is practically little possibility of stopping the trend. Therefore, the source states that, “Even if the most stringent policy proposals were adopted, there would continue to be warming” (University of Washington, 2011). The key fundamental cause for growth is that certain greenhouse gases have been allowed to control so often of global warming that they have established heat-trapping processes that in the nearest future will begin to account for heat pollution. In the graph below, there is more evidence to support the fact that greening attempts have failed because too little has been done by global policymakers to regulate the effects of those greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide and methane.

Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas

Source: IPPC (2007).

From the above table, it will be known that among the numerous greenhouse causes gas emission such as deforestation, decay of biomass and fossil fuel use carbon dioxide is emitted in all instances and at the largest percentage. Together with methane, which is also emitted at 14%, an enclave of heat-trapping greenhouse has been created, pushing the hope of a total restoration of the earth very far. The restoration is said to have been pushed far because even if there were no more greenhouse gas emissions, collections of emitted gases would still pose as a challenge to global warming (University of Washington, 2011).

Indeed, the picture painted by University of Washington (2011) on the future of controlling global warming is very alarming and threatening. However, another research gives some level of hope, based on which the final solution based evidence is being given for this position essay. According to the source, greenhouse gas emission can be reduced and gradually brought non-harming levels if certain key practices that promote greenhouse gas emission are reduced drastically. On deforestation for example, the research said that, “to reduce deforestation rates by 89 percent by 2020 would be an effective way to minimize future greenhouse gas emissions” (Stanley, 2010). In line with the suggestion, several governments, including the Brazilian government have taken up new steps in ensuring that the reduction rates that have been outlined will be achieved. The question will therefore be posed again that if what has been done is enough, why does there continue to be rush approaches to global warming. Clearly, not enough has been done and it is only a step in the direction that this will be admitted by various governments just as the Brazilian government has done. This is because if for nothing at all, knowing that the problem exists gives the need for interventions to be developed for them. As part of a new approach to global warming, I recommends a decentralized facilitation intervention that ensures that the control of greenhouse gas emission is done at the lowest decision making level. This is hoped to be more effective than taking up the control from a very wide national level (Galford et al, 2010).

In the wake of all the arguments and evidences presented above, the researcher firmly concludes that the fight against greenhouse gas emission and for that matter greening of the earth has been a lost battle. Several reasons have been assigned as to why this position is authentic, including the use of facts and figure from highly credible and reliable sources such as the Environmental Protection Agency. The key areas that the facts and figures outlined were the ever growing sources of greenhouse gas emission. With this, the argument was supported in the sense that if the fight to reduce greenhouse gases had really been successful, the number of sources of greenhouse gas emission and the quantities of gas they emit would have gone down. It was also seen that not much has been done to control and tramp down on the effect and dominance of carbon dioxide and methane gases on the environment. This has lead to a long lasting impact where a shield against future interventions has been created. But all hope is not lost if the percentage of reduction of greenhouse gas emission can be kept higher and at consistent rates. If for nothing at all, the world should have a target for itself that aims at reducing some of these causes by 86% by the year 2020 and much of the talk on the battle against greenhouse gas emission can be said to have been successfully won. It is a losing fight right now.

Cited Works

“Global Emissions.” EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 09 Oct. 2013.
Armour, K. C. and Roe G. H. Climate commitment in an uncertain world. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011; 38 (1)
Galford, G.L., Melillo, J.L., Kicklighter, D.W., Cronin, T.W., Cerri, C.E.P., Mustard, J.F., and Cerri, C.C. Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from land-cover and land-use change: Future scenarios of deforestation and agricultural management. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010. Print.
IPCC. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Print. 2007.
Stanley, Sarah. “A Future With or Without Trees: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Brazilian Amazon State.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 29 July 2010. Web. 09 Oct. 2013.
University of Washington. “If Greenhouse Gas Emissions Stopped Now, Earth Would Still Likely Get Warmer, New Research Shows.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 16 Feb. 2011. Web. 09 Oct. 2013.

Middle-Class Delinquency and Its Relation to Gangs

mrzee

February 24, 2021

Middle-Class Delinquency and its Relation to Gangs

Introduction

Meyerhof et al. (2001: 328-335), defined delinquency as the unwillingness of persons to do what is expected by an obligation or rule. Owing to adversity or a shortage of opportunity in the lives of young people, criminal activity frequently occurs. Greeley et al (2005: 33-41) observed that the youths who cannot get what they desire or need in life through conventional means will often use the unconventional means like crime to get the necessities they need. Most often a youth will get to know the unconventional means by being part of a gang. As Lowney (2009: 527-38) observed, in a gang, a youth will find money, friendship and above all to get what they need. The paper will discuss the middle class delinquency relationship to the gangs.

In order to understand the relationship between the middle class delinquencies to gang, it is of great importance for five issues to be addressed. To begin, gang must be differentiated from other forms of peer groups. Gao (2002: 8-26) observed that some youths are organized into groups but are not gangs. Secondly, attention must be paid to the relationship strength between being in a gang and the delinquency of the members. Thirdly, the focus should be on the importance of learning from the peers despite being generalized into gangs. The fourth issue involves the peer group solidarity effect in causing delinquency.

Because of the importance of giving consideration to the similarity of the peers to a gang, getting involved in delinquency and other activities, and the peers solidarity should be treated as variables. Peer groups that resemble a gang among the middle class stimulate delinquency when the members feel the strong solidarity sense in their group. Furthermore, it may be that the likeness of the gang is related to the delinquency of the individuals when combined with the delinquency of other members. Similarly, it may be that the peer’s delinquency combined with solidarity is the predictor of the delinquency of an individual (Salzinger et al, 2006: 232-266).

Lastly, the fifth issue is the degree to which delinquency of the middle class and the gang membership relationship exists in various communities and particularly the males. According to Myerhoff et al (2001: 328-335), the popularized gang ideas are used by all types of youths in different sorts of communities. Moreover, the disorganized communities act as the delinquency locations, predominantly the male gangs.

Greeley et al (2005: 33-41) suggested the strain theory that was introduced by theories such as Albert Cohen as the model that can explain how factors in the middle class such as homelessness, poverty, lack of opportunity and lack of parenting are the major contributors of crime and formation of delinquent sub cultures like the gangs. According to Greeley et al (2005: 33-41), the strain theory forms part of the objectivists perspective that believes that behavior is socially created, assumes consensus of value and is observable. Furthermore, the theory comprises of the two other separate theories, that is, Anomie and Social Disorganization Theories.

According to Lowney (2009: 527-38), both theories suggests that the less presence of integration, cohesion and solidarity within a community, group or society, the higher the rate of crime and deviance.

Gao (2002: 8-26) indicated that the term Anomie refers to condition of lack of norms, that promotes in most cases higher suicide rates. Using the concept of anomie, The Theory of Anomie and Social Structure was drawn. The Theory of Anomie and Social Structure gives a logical explanation of the reasons why most crime activities are found in middle class and the lower class urban areas. According to Salzinger et al (2006), social structure balance and culture are the necessary components that form an integrated society. Therefore, anomie is the direction that disintegration of the society takes when there is dissociation between legitimate societal means and valued cultural ends to those ends (Myerhoff et al, 2001).

The Theory of Anomie and Social Structure brings out two arguments in regards to the means and ends. In the first argument, it stipulates that the strong cultural emphasis in America on the goals of success is greater that the emphasis on the means that are socially approved. Everybody in American society including the poor is socialized to have an aspiration towards success and high achievement. Greeley et al (2005) observed that in the American society, success and competition rank high amongst the other values; they are glamorized in the media, glorified by the leaders and the public authorities, and also taught in schools. In brief, ones worth in American society is measures by monetary success and material possession.

However, Lowney (2009) pointed out that the achievement of the success is expected through conventional and honest means. Moreover, these conventional means are governed, controlled and regulated by the norms of the society. Gao (2002) perceived that the citizens of the America were concerned more with making money, getting ahead and success rather than the conventional means. When emphasis is laid on the goals of success, the norms that regulate their achievement are weakened, and this results to what is referred to as anomie (Salzinger et al, 2006).

The second argument as noted by Myerhoff et al (2001) is the discrepancy existing between ends and means because of Americas class system. The dream of America is to promote an equal opportunity to everybody; however, it is not the case among the minority groups, the middle and the lowers social class. The society socialized them to have high expectations, and yet they are not provided with the occupational opportunities and conventional education to realize the expectations.

Greeley et al (2005) pointed out the emphasis laid by Albert Cohen on the deprivation structural sources that results in the middle class deviant adaptations. However, as Lowney (2009) observed. Cohen specifically applied this to the delinquent sub cultures such as the middle class adolescent males. Delinquent subcultures play a significant role in shaping the behavior of the middle social class boys to get involved in any delinquent behavior. The deprivation theory and The Theory of Anomie and Social Structure agreed because of the perception that blocked goals produce deviance-inducing strain. Gao (2002) found out that the strain theory differed from The Theory of Anomie and Social Structure in the sense that gaining acceptance and status inability in a conventional society, and not the inability to get material success that leads to strain.

According to Salzinger et al (2006), adolescents in public schools face the middle class expectations that are imposed by teachers, administrators and students that represent all class backgrounds. The adolescents of the upper class supported by parents from the upper class generally meet these expectations and standards, and by doing so, they gain status and recognition by peers in large extent and adults. Youths of the middle social class often, particularly boys cannot meet these imposed standards by the upper class. Myerhoff et al (2001) pointed out that they did not receive the necessary skills to measure up to the yardstick of their counterparts of the upper class. Therefore, as a result, their deprivation of their status leads to status frustration. Because of this frustration, delinquent subculture is created in a process called ‘reaction formation’. The perfect outlet for the middle class adolescents are the gangs, they can meet the acceptability criteria. Unfortunately, the criteria includes following negative and malicious values (Greeley et al, 2005).

On the other hand, opportunity theory drawn from anomie theory, disagrees with the Theory of Anomie and Social Structure in that it made assumptions incorrectly that the people of the lower social class who have been denied access to opportunities which are legitimate, automatically have access to opportunities that are illegitimate (Lowney, 2009). The theory further proposed that adaptations and deviant are given explanations by the locations in both opportunities structures that are both legitimate and illegitimate. Gao (2002) observed that the theory argues that aspiration and motivation to success does not account for deviant behavior and conforming, but the person be in a conforming or a deviant environment for learning. Opportunities that are blocked do not open necessarily the door for illegitimate opportunities.

From the discussion of the theories, they all recognized that delinquent gangs commit different illegal activities. However, the subcultures were specialized in accordance to the illegitimate presented opportunities in the youth’s neighborhoods (Salzinger et al, 2006). According to Myerhoff et al (2001), there existed three specialized types of delinquent subculture. The first one is crime where organizations of the gangs are done primarily to commit offenses that produce income. The second is conflict which is generally prevalent amongst the fighting gangs. In the conflict, ones violent nature and toughness gains one status. The third subculture is the retreat individuals, with their main focus being on alcohol and drugs consumption. The members have given up on the goals and means of non conventional and conventional.

Greeley et al (2005) pointed out the recent theory of crime which broadened the strain concept of the discrepancy between expectations and aspirations. The theory encompassed many stress or strain sources. According to Lowney(2009), delinquency and crime are stress adaptations from any sources.

From the many sociological theories discussed, teenage gangs play a very significant role in encouraging its members to be delinquent. Gao (2002) observed that different theories are distinct, but the general picture drawn from the theories is consistent. The members of the gangs congregate recurrently in their neighborhoods with each other, and see themselves as possessing the right to a particular area or a territory in the proximity of their homes. Salzinger et al (2006), these gangs are also structured along age line; they engage together in wide range of activities and have leadership that is well defined.

Myerhoff et al (2001) pointed out that the theories somewhat differ on the specific relationship middle class gang membership to the delinquent behavior. According to Greeley et al (2005), the first writer on gangs was Thrasher who first wrote in early 1920s about the Chicago slums, and that marks the onset of sociological interest on studies related to gangs. Thrasher did not bring out the casual relationship that exists between delinquency and the gang membership. Instead, he gave a description to the gangs as a general symptom of people’s tendency towards a life that is free, with minimal external constraints for the youths especially the teenagers. Lowney (2009) observed that in the view of Thrasher, the teenagers who do not belong to any gang and even the gang members, who lack constraints in life often, engage in delinquency.

Gao (2002) found out that the older offenders and gangs and any person who interacted with them passed on delinquency traditions to the subsequent upcoming gang members, and this led to increased rate of delinquency. Moreover, gangs also influence the delinquency. From the study done by Salzinger et al (2006), they concluded that there exist stresses among the middle classes on the gang membership to affirm their masculinity in neighborhoods where households that are headed by female predominate. The typical value orientations of the gangs lead the members of the gang to break the law.

From the strain theory proposed by Cohen, gangs are implicated in causation of the delinquency among the middle class youths especially the teenagers. The theory argues that the youths are frustrated in their bid to achieve the goals of the middle class. Therefore, some of the youths tend to join gangs as a means of resolving their frustrations, and one of the resolutions in the gangs is delinquencies. The current literature on gangs and its membership, and the attention of their effects on delinquency persists. Gang’s existence is increasing in small towns and cities and even commits serious crimes that involve lethal weapons (Myerhoff et al, 2001).

Conclusion

In conclusion, in examining the relationship of the middle class delinquency to gang, many variables come into play. Gang should not be confused as any other groupings at a corner of a street. The delinquent behavior that is a common characteristic of youths brings the picture of the membership to the gangs and their solidarity to the groups.

References

Salzinger, S., Ng-Mak, D., Feldman, R., Kam, C.-M., & Rosario, M. (January 01, 2006). Exposure to Community Violence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 26, 2, 232-266.
Myerhoff, H. L., & Myerhoff, B. G. (March 01, 2001). Field Observations of Middle Class Gangs. Social Forces, 42, 3, 328-335.
Gao, S. (September 06, 2002). Social Causes of Juvenile Delinquency. Chinese Education & Society, 19, 2, 8-26.
Greeley, A., & Casey, J. (June 06, 2005). Upper Middle Class Deviant Gang. American Catholic Sociological Review, 24, 33-41.
Lowney, J. (January 01, 2009). The Wall Gang: a study of interpersonal process and deviance among twenty-three middle-class youths. Adolescence, 19, 75, 527-38.

Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility Case Study Analysis

mrzee

February 24, 2021

Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility Case Study Analysis

Introduction

The Thermal Recovery Facility (TRF) is managed and operated under the contract that was signed between the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority (GMWDA) and Viridor Laing (Greater Manchester) Ltd., in order to continue creating energy sufficient to power 7,000 homes. By burning wastes, Bolton TRF produces energy to create electricity which is then transferred to the National Grid fore domestic use. Situated in Bolton, Raikes lane, BL3 2NH, this plant burns municipal waste from Salford CC, Bury MBC, Bolton MBC, and Rochdale MBC in different amounts. The waste material in itself is a mixture of trade, commercial and domestic wastes, and items that have been confiscated from customs and police departments. Also, the facilities and equipment that are fit and used in Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility heighten the need to consider the legal implications of BTRF.

This state above especially due to the fact that by the magnitude of the equipment and facilities that are found in BTRF directly and readily warrants the need to factor environmental and economic implications in BTRF’s existence and operations. Among these facilities, materials and equipment are: an incinerator that has the capacity to burn municipal waste at about 16 tonnes per hour; the waste types that are collected and transported to the site; a large and deep reception pit; supplementary oil fired burners which ensure that temperature does not fall below 850⁰ C at all times; heat recovery boiler; a gas stream; filters; and international catering wastes. The BTFR has also had total operational hours that run up to 6,793. This means that Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility is a busy site which must be guided by proper safety regulations which are founded upon environmental, economic and legal concerns. Because of this, the need to consider or craft policies that define legal, economic and environmental concerns of a plant as large as the Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility is paramount.

As a consultant, it is therefore necessary to divulge details on legal liabilities that may arise from the environmental impacts of operating Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility and the necessary measures that need to be taken to ensure compliance with relevant consents.

The Policy, Environmental and Economic Drivers for the Development and Operation of the Facility

The economic drivers for the development and operation of Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility are far reaching and should thus be seriously taken into consideration. For one, BTRF is run by Europe’s largest public waste contract which is the Greater Manchester deal, which in turn costs 3.8 pounds. BTRF also deals with an array of numerous materials and energy recovery facilities, as previously mentioned. The fact that BTRF also has to combine RDF production processes and MBT-AD technological processes further stresses the magnitude of BTRF’s economic significance.

Bedeyore (2010) points out that it is also important to consider the fact that the economic significance of BTRF dares back to 2009 when it was signed as a landmark agreement, to bring about an international waste management industry. The bid to help divert 75% of wastes from landfills in the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority (GMWDA) led to the signing of Recycling and waste Management Contract with Viridor Laing Greater Manchester Limited. Following this, this contract houses over 30 facilities such as Material Recovery Facilities (MRF), transfer stations, Anaerobic Digestion (AD) plants, composting facilities and thermal recovery Waste to Energy (WTE) facilities. All these facilities have been refurbished or built afresh. That BTFR is underpinned by major economic drivers is a factor that is underscored by there being at least 12 facilities that are still under construction.

The above developments not only emphasise the need to greatly protect BTRF operations to avoid any industrial mishaps. The need for BTRF to align all of its operations with its original plans and targets is also important to recognise, which was to create an integrated collection and disposal system, where as much waste as possible can be transported, managed and treated as high up the waste hierarchy as possible (Ricardo, 2005).

Another component of economic drivers that underpin the operations of BTRF is the use of technological advancement. To avoid cases of economic losses that would

The Magnitude and Significance of Potential Environmental Impacts Associated with Site Operations

Levin and Trevor (2012) observe that the magnitude and significance of potential environment impacts which are associated with the operations of Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility (BTRF) are far reaching. For one, BTRF runs a commingled recycling collection wherein residents are needed to separate and gather cans, plastic bottles, green wastes, food waste, papers and cards for processing at BTRF’s MRF facilities. It is therefore important that Viridor Laing Greater Manchester Limited ensures that there are safety and standards procedures put in place to ward off the possibilities of accidents that may not only hinder the functions of BTRF, but expose it to the loss of its massive economic interests also.

According to Justin (2009), this may mean that Viridor Laing Greater Manchester Limited may have to educate the masses (or residents) on how to best handle waste deposits without injuring either themselves, or the environment. The same is also to be emphasised to the residents on the need to competently handle waste disposals to save Viridor Laing Greater Manchester Limited from consuming too much time in sorting wastes and from incurring financial or economic drawbacks that may ensue from cases where inchoately sorted out wastes end up in BTRF’s facilities, and thereby paving way for the destruction of BTRF’s facilities or machinery.

Current Statutory Controls that Govern Site Operations Including a Review of the Powers Available to Regulators or Securing Compliance

It is a fact that there are certain statutory controls which govern site operations at the Thermal Recovery Facility. These statutory regulations exist, courtesy of the fact that there should be legal mechanisms that control the way in which waste management sites operate, as a way of averting the dangers of environmental pollution and degradation. All these regulations are enshrined in Phase I of the Environmental Permitting Programme (EPP), 2005-2008. The EPP in turn is celebrated for having helped create the regulatory system that helps in ensuring the integration of the Waste Management Licensing and Pollution Prevention and Control.

Wolf and Stanley (2010, 66) continue that the same EPP has been instrumental in helping the simplified system regulatory system come into place. EPP which was known as the Environmental Permitting Regulations (of England and Wales) at the time it was introduced in 2007 replaced 41 statutory instruments which existed at the time.

Jewell and Steele (2008, 88) advice that it is important to take the EPP program into strong consideration when considering the running of the Thermal Recovery Facility, given that it has created specific thresholds and provisions for waste incineration and pollution abatement, without ceasing to be a single framework.

Specifically, Wolf and White (2007, 15) posit that under the aegis of the EPP, there is the Waste Incineration Directive (WID). In the first place, WID defines the kind of wastes that may pass through waste management processes such as gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Herein, waste is given a legal definition as material that which the holder intends to discard, discards, or is required for discarding. However, WID does not make a definitive description of what waste is not, and thereby leaving courts of law to exercise their discretion as the final arbiter.

In respect to the immediately foregoing, Lowe and Ward (2008, 84) observe that there are a number of elements that WID classifies as waste. These include: vegetable waste from forestry or agriculture; vegetable waste from food processing industries; radioactive wastes; cork wastes; animal carcasses which are covered by he Animal By-Products Regulations; wood wastes; and fibrous vegetable wastes; fibrous vegetable wastes (that are usually made from pulp making, as long as this takes place on the site of waste generation, and there is recovery of the heat generated).

In respect to the above, it will behoove Viridor Laing (Greater Manchester) Ltd not to include virgin timber waste, in its list of materials it should be dealt with. This is because the Environmental Agency in its regulatory position statement, announced recently its decision to not regard timber as waste. Because of this, the Environment Agency does not subject virgin timber and its components to waste regulatory controls. The heart of the matter is that only wood treated or used is classified as non-virgin wood. Thus, this form of timber is exempted from being totally de-regulated, though this non-virgin timber may still be still exempted from WID, in the event that they are not treated with heavy metals or halogenated organic compounds (Clark, 2005, 112).

Viridor Laing (Greater Manchester) Ltd may also not include in its operations, experimental plants which are used for research activities, testing, and demonstration. WID also excludes experimental plants that are used for treating less than 50 tonnes of wastes, annually. As if this is not enough, it is important to remember that even these plants which are excluded from the WID’s rubric may still be required to obtain the Pollution Prevention and Control (PCC) Permit. The PCC Permit is an Exemption or a Waste Management License (Makuch and Pereirea, 2012, 90).

Macrory, Havercroft and Avosetta Group of European Environmental Lawyers (2004, 55) observe that it is also important to take stock of the fact that there are special circumstances wherein waste derived fuel (WDF) may desist from being waste prior to its use as fuel, if it had been subjected to specific forms of processing. Nevertheless, this does not apply in many cases and is usually left to the courts of law to make their ruling. Timber that has been obtained from demolition or construction sites is also covered by WID, unless there are substantial indications that indicate otherwise.

At the same time, it is necessary to remember that EPP draws out the mechanism, felicity conditions for, and the procedure that is to be used for waste incineration, as is provided for in the Environmental Permitting Guidance the Directive on the Incineration of Waste.

Because of the foregoing, it is clear that WID makes impositions and requirements on the kind of wastes that are permitted a given plant, reception and delivery of the waste, operating conditions, thermal conversion equipment used, the emissions monitoring requirements, abatement plants and emission limit values to water and air (Holder and Lee, 2007, 102 & Wilkinson, 2002, 90).

Wood, Chynoweth and Adshead (2010, 75) divulge that the UK and the European Union (EU) also has the Landfill Directive which describes the manner in which Viridor Laing (Greater Manchester) Ltd and other waste disposal companies may manage the disposal and treatment sites such as Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility when dealing with ash or powdery wastes.

In a separate wavelength, there is the Clean Air Acts of 1968 and 1956 which were made against the backdrop of smogs that took place in the 1950s and 1960s.

Again, Michaels (2008, 28) explains that the Clean Air Act gave local authorities the frameworks and power with which they could define smoke control areas. These Acts were then included in the Clean Air Act, 1993. The Clean Air Act, 1993 regulates activities that are in smoke control areas which include authorised fuels and specific manufactured smokeless fuels. Authorized fuels may include electricity anthracite and gas. The Clean Air Act may be applicable in the manner Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility may run its operations and discharge its gaseous wastes into the atmosphere. This is because, the Clean Air Act stipulates that pallets and wood may only be incinerated in an exempt appliance which has been particularly tested and approved by the agents working under and mandated by the Clean Air Act, for instance.

In a separate wavelength, pollution prevention and control regulations (Wales and England) are also likely to extensively affect the operations of Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility (BTRF), or the manner in which Viridor Laing (Greater Manchester) Ltd will manage it. The Pollution Prevention and Control Regulations (PPCR) in Wales and England are meant for regulating the emission of pollution into water air and on land. The same refers to pollution which takes the form of heat, noise and odour.

Just as Bassett (2007, 16) divulges, this regulation also seeks to cover the prevention of accidents. Because of the PPCR, it will behoove BTRF to: adhere to all the provisions stipulated by the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) which cover Part A (1) installations, as is regulated by the Environmental Agency; conform to all the stipulations of the Local authority Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (LA-IPPC), which covers Part A (2) installations, as is demanded by local authorities; and Local Authority Prevention and Control (LAPPC) which covers Part B installations, as is also demanded for by local authorities. The key thing is that Viridor Laing Ltd. must be properly installed, as a way of conforming to the PPCR regulations of England and Wales.

That conformance to PPCR’s stipulations is an inescapable affair is underscored by the procedure which is used in issuing licenses. Particularly, this is because, operations within these regulations and frameworks are allowed through the issuance of permits which set operating conditions, based on the application of Best Available Techniques (BAT). Herein, classification as Part A (1), A (2), and Part B are premised upon production capability and the actual activities that have been carried out (Humphrey, 2009, 12 & Nicholas, 2010, 19).

To be more specific, activities which fall within Part A (1) includes burning of: fuels in an appliance which has a thermal input of 50 MW or more; waste oil; recovered oil; or any other fuel that comprises waste, in an appliance with rated thermal input that exceeds 3 MW. This also includes pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials and gasification materials, with chemically untreated wood being the only exception.

Part B activities includes burning of any fuel in an individual appliance which has a rated thermal input of 20 MW or above, but is not included in Part A (1); and other combustion of waste oil also (Edwards, 2008, 12).

Available Statutory and Non-Statutory Guidance Influencing Regulatory Decision-Making

As already mentioned, there are several statutory laws that influence regulatory decision-making, concerning the operations of Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility (BTRF). Chief among these is the Clean Air Act which aims at reducing pollution from grit, dust and smoke. The Act accords local authorities powers to designated Smoke Control Areas and therefore criminalises emitting of smoke from chimney. The only exception is where the regulation emission of smoke through the chimney involves the use of a chimney, fireplace and fuel which has been approved by local authorities (Martins and Martins, 2010, 100 & Joseph, 2011, 78).

Under the Clean Air Act, local authorities are able to address the concerns specified under the Red Tape Challenge. To ensure the effectiveness of the Act, legislators review the Clean Air Act; and look at ways by which the process of approving fireplaces and fuels for use in Smoke Control Areas can be simplified.

There is also the Noise Policy Statement for England (2010) which determines the location of BTRF. The noise policy statement for England enables local authorities to manage nuisance and noise in the local environment. The elements of great concern include: environmental noise (which controls noise which emanates from transport sources such as aviation, road and rail; and noise and nuisances which may emanate from neighbourhood noise, smoke, odours and artificial light. The provisions stipulated in Noise Policy Statement for England (2010) will therefore hinder BTRF from being situated at least 3 kilometres away from residential areas.

The development above also means that BTRF will have to punctiliously and regularly service its engines, as a way of abating noise pollution and smoke emission.

There are also, legal obligations that are usually and mainly driven by EU legislations. Some of these legislations include the Environmental Permitting Regulations (England and Wales), 2010 which seek to regulate industrial emissions.

Another way in which the Environmental Permitting Regulations (England and Wales) will affect the operations of BTRF is through the injunction that Viridor Laing (Greater Manchester) Ltd provides BTRF’s details to, and makes BTRF’s pollutant volume conform to the regulations of the UK Pollutant Release and Transfer Register. This is of paramount important since the studying of the UK Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and the execution of policies thereof enables stakeholders to determine the extent and volume of industrial

In another wavelength, it is important to take stock of non-statutory guidance which may influence regulatory decision-making and the operations of BTRF. The natural environment white paper (2011) exemplifies these non-statutory regulations. The natural environment white paper sets out to realise the vision of attaining a clean natural environment over the next fifty years. The same applies for air quality, noise and nuisance. There is also the national planning policy framework (2012) which makes explanations on the social and environmental roles that must come into play, in order to minimise pollution, and strengthen biodiversity.

Alongside the measures above, there is the new public health outcomes framework which was published by the Department of Health in 2012. This framework includes air quality and noise, as the main determinants of public health. This framework will definitely affect operations of BTRF, since noise and air quality are some of the elements which may characterise the running and operations of waste disposal and recycling plants such as BTRF.

Future Statutory Controls That May Influence Regulation of Site Activities

As the UK continues to become part and parcel of the European Union (EU), there is bound to be more statutory controls in future, to control the operations of BTRF and similar companies whose operations may affect the extent or degree of environmental safety. Some of these statutory regulations are likely to touch on chemical safety.

According to the minister in charge of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Rt. Hon. MP, Peterson Owen, this is because the EU is committed to ensure that chemicals being used for industrial purposes harm neither human health, nor the environment, while industries continue to actualise the benefits they seek to realise. Likewise, EU expects the UK and its member states to fully comply with its statutory regulations.

Against the backdrop of the immediately foregoing, it is most likely that there will be statutory regulations which will seek to ensure total compliance with EU, domestic laws, international laws and agreements that regulate the use, procurement, disposal and composition of chemicals.

Tinsley (2001, 41) observes that there may also be statutory regulations being made in future, not only in the UK, but also throughout the EU, as a way of maintaining and strengthening risk reduction strategies, and to assist in managing risks that specific chemicals may bring.

Chances are also high that there are laws and future statutory controls that are likely to be formed to help strengthening the culture and practices of reviews, updates and the maintaining of emergency plans for recovery, during an outbreak of chemical, biological, nuclear or radiological accident. These statutory regulations are likely to be made through close consultations and under the aegis of the Government Decontamination Service. This is because the Government Decontamination Service is the agency that is concerned with aversion and control of crises that stem from chemical, biological, nuclear and radiological accidents, just as Coyle and Morrow (2004, 11) observe.

Alongside the developments above, there are bound to be statutory regulations that address and place legal and logistical modalities on pesticides, endocrine disruptors, persistent organic pollutants and lead.

There is also bound to be the formation of advisory and regulatory bodies and the strengthening of already existing bodies such as the Hazardous Substances Advisory Committee (HSAC) and the UK Chemicals Stakeholder Forum, to inform environmental security policy and to ensure conformance to these policies.

Provisions for Environmental Reporting Associated with site Operations

There are provisions for environmental reporting associated with site operations, as has already been stated.

For instance, it may be necessary to have all waste disposal and manufacturing plants such as BTRF fill and comply with the noise policy statement for England (2010). Alongside this, the government ensures that all the statements reflected in the policy statement are enforced in all the departments.

Viridor Laing (Greater Manchester) Ltd. must also ensure that it adheres to, and presents its report to the UK Pollutant Release and Transfer Register. This submission will be needed to show the level or extent of emission that BTRF gives out, so that improvements can be noted and areas of weaknesses corrected.

References

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Bedeyore, S. (2010). A Critical Look at the Recycling and waste Management Contract with Viridor Laing Greater Manchester Limited. Manchester: Cengage Learning.
Clark, J. H. 2005. Chemistry of Waste Minimisation. London: Chapman & Hall.
Coyle, S. & Morrow, K. 2004. The Philosophical Foundations of Environmental Law: Property, Rights and Nature. Ottawa: Hart Publishing.
Edwards, C. 2008. Finding Solutions for Environmental Conflicts: Power and Negotiations: New Horizons in Environmental Law. Oxford: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Holder, J. & Lee, M. 2007. Environmental Protection, Law and Policy: Text & Materials. London: Longman.
Humphrey, H. 2009. Industrial Development and the Environment in UK. London: Cengage Learning.
Jewell, T. & Steele, J. 2008. Law in Environmental Decision-Making: National, European and International Perspectives. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Joseph, V. 2011. UK Environmental Laws. Oxford: OUP.
Justin, K. P. (2009). Inside the Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility. London: Longman.
Levin, V. T. & Trevor, C. J. (2012). Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility & Environmental and Logistical Implications: A Critical Study. London: Longman.
Lowe, P. & Ward, S. 2008. British Environmental Policy and Europe: Politics and Policy in Transition. London/ Routledge.
Macrory, R. Havercroft, I. & Avosetta Group of European Environmental Lawyers. 2004. Principles of European Environmental Law. London: International Specialized Book Service Incorporated.
Makuch, K. & Pereirea, R. 2012. Environmental and Energy Law. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Martins, E. & Martins, J. 2010. UK Environmental and Energy Laws. Oxford: OUP.
Michaels, S. 2008. Legal Implications of Running Waste Recycling Plants. Oxford: OUP.
Nicholas, O. 2010. Managing UK’s Environment through Environmental Laws. London: Cengage Learning.
Warren, C. R. 2002. Managing Scotland’s Environment. Edinburg University Press.
Peterson, O. (Rt. Hon, MP, the). 2013. “Protecting and Enhancing Our Urban and Natural Environment to Improve Public Health and Wellbeing.” Policy, 1 (1), 1, 2.
Ricardo, M. D. (2005). Economic Implications of Running Bolton Thermal Recovery Facility. Manchester: Cengage Learning.
Tinsley, S. 2001. Environmental Management Plans Demystified: A Guide to Implementing ISO 14001. Manchester: Spon Press.
Wilkinson, D. 2002. “Environment and Law.” Routledge Introductions to Environment Series, 4 (2), 45-7.
Wolf, S. & Stanley, N. 2010. Wolf and Stanley on Environmental Law. Ottawa: Routledge.
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Wood, D. Chynoweth, P. & Adshead, J. 2010. Law & the Built Environment. Manchester: John Wiley & Sons.

Health and Safety in Automobile Workshops in New Zealand

mrzee

February 24, 2021

Health and Safety in Automobile Workshops in New Zealand

Introduction

In a meeting held by the World Health Organisation (WHO) collaborating Centres in Beijing, Peoples’ Republic of China on 14^th October 1994, WHO’s Global Strategy for “Occupational Health for All” was discussed and adopted. Conscious of the immediate need for the production and application of workplace health and safety, the participants in the meeting adopted the strategy mainly due to the apparent rapid shifts in workplace cultures and behaviours that greatly impinged on workers’ health and life. In addition, these changes in workplace and work life had been observed to affect the local and global environment. In addition to adopting this WHO strategy on occupational health, the meeting also adopted a proposal for the course of action for the implementation of the same strategy (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2001). In attendance at the meeting were twenty-seven countries, represented by thirty one collaborating centres. One of the countries was Switzerland. The organisers of the meeting included but were not limited to the WHO, International Labour Organisation (ILO), The United Nations Development Programme, the Institute of Occupational Medicine of the Chinese Academy of Preventive Health, the WHO Workers’ Health Programme and the International Commission on Occupational Health.

A priority issue at the meeting was health at work. According to the available data by then, it was estimated that about 100 million workers are injured annually at the workplace while about 200,000 die annually in occupational accidents (International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour IPEC), (2011). In addition, the WHO reported that between 68 million and 157 million cases of occupational diseases are caused by hazardous exposures at the workplaces or workloads. These statistics obviously negatively affect the health of world population. In fact, the roles and effects of occupational injuries and diseases are found to be more profound in developing countries in which 70% of the world’s working population lives. Due to their impacts the health and well being of workers, occupational injuries and diseases negatively impact the productivity and socio-economic well being of workers across all industries. These detrimental effects extend even to the friends, families and dependants of the directly affected workers. In many countries, estimates show that the socioeconomic costs of workplace and work-related injuries and diseases affecting worker health and productivity amount to several percentage of the total gross national products of the affected countries. These estimates not only cover the formal workshop, which on average covers between 50% and 60% of a country’s population but also the informal and work-at-home sectors (Abrams, 2001).

Besides such meetings, the constitution of organisations such as the WHO, ILO’s conventions on occupational health and safety and occupational health services are the other organisations and principles that highlight the fundamentality of worker health, safety and well being and the right of each worker to the highest and attainable standards of safety and health. For this worker right and other related objectives to be achieved at different workplaces, employers and government agencies should ensure that workers access occupational health and safety services (Winkelmann, 2000). These services should be accessed one’s health, gender, sex, race, occupation, nationality, location and type of employment notwithstanding. Despite the numerous positive strides made in the efforts to design and implement occupational safety and health programs and policies, a lot still needs to be done since challenges such as physical, psychological, biological and chemical barriers abound (Winkelmann, 2000). Due to these challenges, workplace accidents and diseases continue to endanger the lives and health of workers across countries and industries.

Currently, some industries and countries report more serious occupational health and safety indicators that make it a wakeup call for employers, employees and the regulatory authorities to put more efforts in preventing and eliminating workplace accidents, injuries and diseases. Despite the fact that the movement of healthy and safe technologies to developing countries has had numerous positive social and economic implications, there are certain hazardous technologies, materials, chemicals, gases and substances that endanger workers’ lives. Unfortunately, many countries lack the capacity to handle these environmental and worker safety and health problems (Winkelmann, 2000).

The State of Workplace Health and Safety in New Zealand

The following section highlights the state of workplace health and safety in New Zealand. Thus, in this section, the core safety and health data and other evidences are combined and brought into perspective. According to government and professional organisations’ sources, thousands of workers are injured, suffer from workplace diseases or even get killed at work. These injuries and accidents result in financial losses, personal and social losses, physical, mental and physiological damages to individual workers, their families, friends and the country (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2012). If the statistics and reports suggesting the high level of workshop injuries and diseases are anything to go by, the relevant government agencies should use this report as part of their long-, short- and medium-term workplace health and safety strategies. In fact, these statistics could prove rather useful in the formation of the Workplace Health and Safety Strategy for New Zealand to 2015, which is an initiative of the National Action Agenda 2010–13. The 2010-2013 National Action Agenda offers a roadmap for strategic initiatives to improve and stabilise diverse facets of health and safety, including awareness, ability, leadership and infrastructure, by concrete courses of action (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2012). Through these statistics and reports, accessibility of quality data on workplace safety and health may be improved not to mention the support such data might render to the establishment of succinct safety priorities. It is through such clearly established priorities that New Zealand will reduce the toll of workplace accidents while increasing health and safety performance.

The main metrics and messages that stakeholders may be watching for include New Zealand’s general stagnant patterns in health and safety results, trends in fatality and disability, approximate incidence of work-related diseases and annual death toll, annual costs of work-related accidents and diseases, improvements in the participation of business and staff and response to occupational injuries. Above everything, what the stakeholders are doing right now in New Zealand can be a field of concern for stakeholders in regards to occupational protection and health.

The current trends in the country indicate that it has one chance to make substantive impact on workplace safety and health. Fortunately, the authorities are ready and up to the tasks and are doing all is possible to take this chance and exploit it. At the forefront are the central government and its agencies, which have provided funding, set various targets and reviewed the health and safety system to keep it abreast with international standards (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2012). For instance, the government has provided additional health and safety funding to the tune of $37 million over four years with the aim of strengthening and transforming occupational safety management approaches and growing the capability and amount of frontline health and safety inspectors (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2012). This funding has also helped in supporting targeted health and safety initiatives. These funds have really become handy in assisting the government to achieve its goal of reducing workplace serious accidents and harms by 25% by the year 2020 and by 10% by 2016 (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2012). An autonomous task force has since been formed by the government to review the health and safety structure and its potential to stay active and fulfil its function. Further, the task force has the mandate to make recommendations on any areas that require improvements.

Data and measurement are the other area in which a lot of positive strides have been made with regards to workplace safety in New Zealand. In this context, the government, through its relevant agencies and arms, use the official and accurate and updated work-related fatality and injury data. In addition, the government uses these data to measure the actual costs and other consequences of work-related injuries and diseases (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2012). More importantly, government plans to improve the timeliness and breadth of safety and health data are currently underway.

There are also actions being undertaken in various sectors. Among the priority sectors in which worker safety action plans are underway are manufacturing, construction, motor industry and agriculture. In recent times, these sectors have experienced increased actions geared towards the realisation of reduced cases of harm, injuries and diseases at the workplace. The key accidents targeted are slips, falls, burns, scalds and injuries from sharp and falling objects (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2012). The government has also released an occupational health plan for improving various sectors’ capacity to and focus on the reduction of worker exposure to specific hazards. Importantly, the High Hazards Unit is also being fully implemented with its core objective being the improvement safety at the workplace (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2012). Currently, there are proposals for changes in the workplace accident compensation so that employer choices are increased. This expansion of employer choice will act as an incentive to ensure they prevent and manage injuries better in addition to improving and facilitating the rehabilitation of injured workers.

The government and other stakeholders are also currently monitoring five core outcome areas on workplace safety and health performance. These outcome areas are reduced work0related injuries and fatalities, reduced work-related diseases, reduced cost of injuries and diseases, increased industry and employee engagement and increased response to government activity. At a glance, there are about 102 work-related deaths and 378 work-related serious but non-fatal injuries annually in New Zealand (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2012). The social and economic costs of work-related injuries, diseases and death approximately stand at $3.5 billion. There are 2.2 million workers in about 470,000 workplaces in New Zealand (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2012). The average work-related deaths in New Zealand between 2008 and 2010 stood at 102 deaths annually. On the other hand, there were estimated 516-804 deaths and between 17,000 and 20,000 new cases of work-related diseases such as asthma, work-related cancer, and musculoskeletal disorders in the same period (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2012). These diseases have been cited as the chief contributors to work-related disease in the country.

Causes of Workshop Injuries and Illnesses

There are various classes of health and safety hazards that automotive workshop employees in New Zealand are exposed to. The main category of these hazards is the physical hazards, the most common causes of injuries in the automobile sector (Mac-Crystal, 2003). As a matter of fact, physically obtained injuries are not only unavoidable in the automotive industry but also in other industries including engineering, manufacturing, mining, architecture and construction (Mac-Crystal, 2003). Nevertheless, the automobile sector in New Zealand long initiated and developed myriad modernised occupational safety and health policies, rules, regulations, strategies and procedures for the detection and prevention, treatment and management of workplace diseases and injuries (Mac-Crystal, 2003). More importantly, policies and strategies have been established that assist stakeholders in the mitigation and management of the physical risks and dangers often encountered in workshops. The reasons for physical injuries in the automotive workshops in New Zealand are falls. Moreover, the engineering aspects of the workshop tasks where fabrication and welding of various parts of various parts of automobiles take place generally report many cases of falls. Therefore, it is of the essence that employees in these sections observe and uphold all the laid down safety and health regulations. Additionally, workshop managers are responsible for ensuring that the necessary safety gear such as helmets and protective clothing are availed to workers at all times, especially for welding and fabrication sections where employees must be dressed in protective gear for ear, foot, face and eye protection.

The other main causes of injuries and disease in the automotive workshops in New Zealand are machines, equipment and plants, rather routine implements in workshops. Bearing in mind that many equipment and plants have mobile parts, hot surfaces, and sharp edges and are quite bulky and heavy, they have increased potential to cause injuries to employees (Mac-Crystal, 2003). The injuries caused by equipment, plants and machines are stabs, burns, shear and cuts. The equipment may strike a worker if unsafely stored, used or handed over to others. To minimise machine-related hazards, the appropriate safety measures ought to be implemented. For instance, meticulous lockout and tag-out measures should be put in place to help in the safe maintenance of equipment. There should also be roll over protection systems for motor vehicles (Mac-Crystal, 2003). The other causes of work hazards in automotive workshop accidents in Saudi Arabia are confined spaces. These spaces are found to have congested and limited spaces that do not allow for easy and free flowing entrance and exit and proper natural ventilation. Thus, such spaces are not fit for continuous employee movement and occupancy. In fact, there are cases in which workshops are established in buildings and spaces that were initially not intended for automotive workshops, which require big space for vehicles and hundreds of workers (Mac-Crystal, 2003). What is more, confined spaces also pose health hazards to customers and those coming to workers’ rescue in case of an emergency.

The other critical workshop health hazard in the automotive industry is noise, which causes loss of hearing or other hearing problems. Beside noise, exposure to chemicals such as solvents and metals such as arsenic, lead and mercury may also cause hearing problems and loss in automotive workshops (Mac-Crystal, 2003). The other source of danger for workers in automotive workshops is extreme temperatures. High temperatures may result in stroke cramps, heat stress, heat rashes and exhaustion. Workshop heat may also affect working gears such as safety glasses and cause dizziness and sweaty palms in workers, further exposing workers to other health risks. Moreover, hot or near hot surfaces amplifies the risks for burns (Mac-Crystal, 2003).

Workshop Accident and Injury Prevention Strategies in Switzerland

Many outsiders often wonder how the automotive industry in New Zealand copes with the many accidents and injuries in their workshops. First, managers, supervisors and employees must understand what workplace accident, injury and diseases are (Mac-Crystal, 2003). For instance, a workshop accident refers to an unforeseen harmful incident of commission or omission in a workshop. Second, stakeholders in this industry must realise that prevention of accidents at the workplace is better than waiting for accidents to occur then treating injuries and diseases. Thus, managers and employees should strive to stop accidents long before they happen or immediately the likelihood of one occurring is suspected (Mac-Crystal, 2003).

To solve some or all of these accidents, injuries and disease issues at automotive workshops, managers, workers and their supervisors endeavor to strictly adhere to the laid down workshop safety rules and regulations. In addition, these rules and regulations are constantly revised to remain relevant and compliant to the latest government and international standards. It is these observances that have led the automotive workshops in New Zealand to design and implement successful workshop accident, injuries and disease measures (Mac-Crystal, 2003). These following are some of the tips that have ensured automotive workshop accidents in New Zealand have been well managed or at lets reduced to a minimum.

First, considering that workshop injuries and diseases are quite unwelcome and unpleasant to all involved, these workplace safety and health tips are highly regarded to the automotive industry in New Zealand. The strategies include availing the necessary accident devices and utilizing the same devices whenever need arises. Second, in the New Zealand automotive sector, proper education and training on safety, health and safety devices is always emphasised. In addition, workers are encouraged to read and comply with manufacturers’ instructions on the user manuals of safety devices, tools, machinery, equipment and plants. Related to following manufacturers’ instruction is the adherence to proper workshop dressing code and outlawing inappropriate dressing code. Among the dressing codes discouraged include wrist watches, jewelry, loose clothing, neck ties and scarves. Instead, workers are encouraged to wear the appropriate factory helmet and other outfits. There are numerous strategies by which stakeholders in the Swiss automotive workshops prevent and manage workplace injuries are the use of proper tools for different tasks and complying with foreman and supervisor instructions. Others are, avoiding of greasy, oily and wet surfaces, especially floors so that one does not easily slip and fall. In cases where employees must work in wet and slippery floors, they are required to wear slip-proof shoes at all times. What is more, workers are required to keep chipped and sharp objects away so that they do not pierce, poke and injure workers. Managers are also required to replace tools and machines as soon as appropriate so that workers do not use old and worn-out tools and equipment. Importantly, workers are reminded to be alert while handling machines, tools, equipment, plants and harmful substances such as chemical and explosive or harmful gases.

In the New Zealand automotive workshops, workers are encouraged to understand all the possible accidents, injuries and diseases to which they are prone due to the nature of their tasks and the industry and environment in which they work. Examples of these types of injuries are suffocation, electrocution, contact with corrosive chemicals such as acids and injuries from broken bottles and sharp metallic objects. Others are fire breakouts, falling from heights and inhalation of toxic gases. Knowledge of these types of accidents and injuries makes workers and their foremen to be better placed to use the right workshop safety device to address these injuries whenever they occur. Workshop safety devices refer to tools, clothing, equipment that are used to prevent accidents such as slips, falls, fires, explosions and toxic gas inhalation at the workplace. An example of these devices is the factory or workshop apparel, used to protect workers’ bodies against chemical or fire-related accidents. The other is safety boot, for preventing corrosive substances such as acids, sharp objects and falling objects from hitting workers’ feet while in a workshop or working off-site. Dark spectacles are also used to prevent high intensity and radioactive rays form reaching workers’ eyes. These devices are especially used by welders and fabricators to protect their eyes. Hand gloves, a rather common safety device, is also extensively used in the automotive industry to prevent workers form suffering cuts from sharp objects, electric shock, burns from hot objects and corrosive liquids such as acids. The other common safety device largely used in the New Zealand automotive industry is the helmet, which protects workers’ head from injuries due to falling objects, slips or low roofs and rails. Safety belts are also used to fasten workers on supports whenever they work at heights such as ladders or cranes. Ear pad is also used to block explosive and extreme noises that can damage the ear drum and cause other hearing problems. Fans, for good ventilation, are the other devices used to promote workplace safety and health in New Zealand automotive workshops.

One common type of accidents encountered in New Zealand automotive workshops is fire accident. There are three core categories of fire accidents in these workshops namely electrical fire, chemical fire and wood, cloth or paper fire. The most common of these fires are electrical fires, which are caused by faults in workshop electrical circuits. For instance, there are many instances in which the positive and negative terminals and wires may partially contact. The second common cause of electric fire entails the use of low grade ampere accessory on high grade power supply in a workshop. On the other hand, chemical fire is caused by materials such as inflammable liquids and gases often found in workshops including diesel, spirit, thinner, turpentine, kerosene and petrol among others. Due to their inflammable nature, automotive workshop supervisors in New Zealand always ensure that such materials are kept away from fire source. Finally, materials in workshops such as clothing, paper, carton boxes and wood, generally referred to as solid fuels since they can easily be set on fire, also cause fire in automotive workshops. To curb such fires, many workshops have installed various types of fire equipment at strategic points.

Perhaps the most common type of fire fighting device found in automotive workshops is fire extinguisher. This device is a cylindrical mental, often painted in red and filled with chemicals such as soda and acid with the ability to put out small fires. The workshops do not just place these devices at strategic places; more is done by way of training workers on how to use the devices and carrying out fire drills to test workers’ skills. For example, workers are trained on how to hold the machine upright and withdraw the safety cap or in some cases, how to pull off the safety pin. Once the safety pin is pulled off, the lever is pressed fully down and the nozzle pointed at the base of the fire. It is often emphasised to workers during these trainings that the nozzles is never directed at the surface of the fire. Other fire-fighting devices used in the New Zealand automotive workshop fires, albeit to a less extent, are sand bucket and fire blanket. While sand is simply sprinkled to cover the fire, the fire blanket, which is made from a woven fibre glass, is used by worker to wrap their bodies to protect against industrial fires. In case of small industrial fires of domestic fires, the blanket is just gently placed over the fire to choke oxygen out of the blaze. Fire alarm is the other vital fire-fighting device. Fire alarms have sirens, which are designed to alert workers in case of a fire break-out upon the switching on of its button. For many types of fire alarms, the switch pad is covered with glass seals, which is broken or simply hit to trigger the siren. Workers are also advised never to play with the alarm in case there is no fire. Such false alarms may result in stampede and confusion, causing unnecessary injuries and losses.

New Zealand Worker Health and Safety Laws

In New Zealand, there are numerous laws, rules and regulations that are established to ensure and protect employee safety and health. In particular, these laws are really applicable in the automotive workshops, which are rather accident and injury-prone. The Health and Safety in Employment Act of 1992 is perhaps one of the best worker safety and health laws that protects employees well being, health and safety at the workplace. This act was assented on27th October 1992. Part 2 of this act deals with duties relating to health and safety in employment. It is thus quite crucial for automotive workshop stakeholders to comply with the requirements of this act. The core components of Part 2 of this act include the role of employers in ensuring employee safety and duties of employers with regards to hazard management. Under these broad headings, the act contains sections that deal with the identification of hazards, elimination of significant hazards, and isolation of significant hazards where elimination is impossible and minimization of hazards, protection of employees from such hazards. Under the duties of employers in relation to safety and health information, the act covers the need to give employees and their representatives the safety and health monitoring results. This part of the law also tackles duties of employers with regards to training and supervision on safety and health.

The following are some of the duties of managers outlined in this act that managers should ensure they carry out. First an employer is expected to take all the practically possible steps to ensure workers are safe at work. The following are some of the outlined steps employers should take to foster worker safety and health. First, employers are required to give and maintain a safe working environment to employees. Second, employers should provide and maintain facilities for workers’ safety and health. Third, employers should make sure that equipment and machinery used by employees are not only well arranged but also well made, designed and maintained for use. Fourth, employers should ensure that employees are not prone to hazards caused by poor arrangement, disposal, organisation, processing, storage, transport, manipulation and working. Fifth, employers are expected to develop and implement safety procedures for addressing emergency issues at work.

In more specific terms, the act expects employers to execute certain duties with regards to the management of health and safety hazards. First, every employer is expected to systematically any existing hazards at the workplace. Second, employers should also systematically identify any new hazards to employees at work. It is also required that employers assess each identified health hazard in a regular manner and determine if or not it is a significant hazard. Once an accident or harm occurs, it is required that an employer investigates the occurrence to ascertain its cause; whether it was caused by a significant hazard or not. The act also requires employers to eliminate, if practicable, all significant hazards. In case elimination is not practically possible, health and safety hazards should be isolated. In case isolation and elimination are not practicable, significant hazards should be minimised. There are numerous instances in which an employer might be deemed to have failed to comply with some or all of the above provisions of the act. For example, an employer may opt to pay workers some extra wages or salaries instead of providing the necessary protective clothing and devices. Second, an employer may require a worker to provide own protective cloth and gear as a prerequisite for employment. This action amounts to failure to comply with the provisions of this act with regards to the safety and health duties of an employer. Nonetheless, in cases where employees voluntarily provides own protective clothing and devices and an employer is satisfied that such clothing and gear are in line with the right subsections of the law, then such an employer may not be deemed to have contravened the relevant subsection on employer duties. Employers also have safety and health duties in relations to information, according to the act. These provisions still fall under Part 2 of this act.

Part 2A of the Health and Safety in Employment Act deals with employee participation in health and safety matters at the workplace. To this effect, it is the general duty of employees to participate in occupational safety and health matters such as the designing and development of employee participation system. This section also deals with the provisions related to the consequences if employers and employee fail to develop health and safety systems that promote the participation of all stakeholders in safety issues. The other components of this section of the act are training of employees and their representatives on health and safety, the calculation of leave days for health and safety training and approval of occupational safety and health training by the minister. Additionally, Part 3 of the act deals with codes of practice for all stakeholders. Under the codes of practices are provisions for regulations, applications for regulations and other regulation-related provisions. This part also deals with workplace accidents under which the recording and notification of accidents and serious harm are covered. The other workplace safety issues covered under accidents are inquiry into causes of accidents, non-interference at accident scenes, transfer of accident information and reporting of fatal accidents. Also covered under this section are enforcement by other agencies and inspection of workplaces. Under inspectors, the act covers inspectors, their roles, their powers of entry and inspection, proof of identity and their powers to take samples and other objects.

Recommendations

Several factors have contributed to the increasing number of new occupational epidemics across nations and industries. These factors include new developments in work, workplace environment and organisation (Paton, 2008). Others are new technologies, new and more dangerous chemical and liquid and gaseous substances, increased industrialization and mechanization. These factors, working together or solely, have contributed to the increased cases of workplace injuries and diseases. Included in this list are changes in the demographics of working populations, which make new strategies and programs in dealing with occupational health and safety (Paton, 2008). Because of their being linked aspects of society, the level of workplace safety and health affects socioeconomic developments and the quality of life and well being of workers and those close to them. The implication here is that no economic and intellectual inputs should be spared in the efforts to make workplace environments safe and healthy (Paton, 2008). This statement is particularly true given that sound occupational safety and health strategies and programs would positively affect economic productivity of people by preventing and minimising hazards at work. In summary, occupational health is a cornerstone for sustainable socioeconomic development as it empowers workers to live healthy and productive lives throughout their active working years.

The only headache for the New Zealand automotive workshops is the way forward on a new and healthy working life. Not to say that the workshop safety standards and rules in Switzerland are poor or below average, there is still room for improvement, making the following recommendations rather crucial for the realisation of a healthy and safe working life for the labour force (Paton, 2008). First, all stakeholders should recognise and appreciate that occupational health and safety are some of the hall marks of health and general well being of working people. Thus, occupational health and safety must be accorded the right level of attention with regards to policies and programs (Paton, 2008). This consideration should not only be attained at the workshop stage but also at the company, sector, and industry, national and international level. In addition, stakeholders should note that workplace health and safety problems are preventable in principle and all the available legislative, technical, research, training and education, information tools and economic instruments should be used to prevent such workshop injuries and diseases (Paton, 2008).

In this regard, the New Zealand authorities ought to prepare special national and industrial policies and programs to support occupational health and safety. In this policies should be included actions that would yield competent workplace safety and health services. In addition, government health and safety programs should also provide for the development of the necessary legal and enforcement systems and provisions such as inspection by expert and competent personnel and organs. The authorities should also establish the requisite infrastructures to help in the implementation of workplace safety and heath initiatives (Paton, 2008). Among the programs that should be targeted by these infrastructures for implementation are occupational health services, databanks and information services, training and educational programs. These said infrastructures should also be networked within an across industries to help in the facilitation of national programs implementation. Stakeholders should also have realistic long-term objective of organising functioning and competent workplace health services not only to ensure workplaces are safe but also to avail all the required services for individual workers (Paton, 2008). However, it is only a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary and preventive occupational health and safety programs that provide for the surveillance of work environments, which can promote the health and safety of workers in accident-prone workplaces such as automotive workshops (Paton, 2008).

Given that the focus of practical occupational safety and health is the workplace, employers in the automotive workshops should be responsible for the planning and designing of safe and healthy workshops, tasks, environments and organisations and the maintenance of these standards (Evans, 2010).

Conclusion

Workplace safety and health continues to be a big issue across industries and nations. New Zealand is not an exception in this regard. Nonetheless, the country has made tremendous strides in ensuring the workers and employers are abreast with the latest regulations and standards on workplace safety and health. In particular, the automotive industry, particularly workshops, have become under immense pressure to ensure and promote workplace and worker health and safety. Although the country, through the government and stakeholders such as employers, managers, supervisors and employees, has put in place several organs, mechanisms, policies, strategies, rules, regulations and practices that ensure workshop and employee safety and health, a lot still needs to be done. For instance, employees, owners and managers should be trained and educated on workplace safety and health and the practices that promote safety and health at work. Importantly, the government, through the relevant agencies and its legislative arm should enact laws and regulations to steer the automotive sector to uphold worker safety and health. There are several principles that managers, owners and employees should observe to help improve occupational safety and health in the automotive workshops in the country. First, they should strictly comply with individual workshop’s safety rules. Second, employees and employers must observe safety signs and rules installed at various points in a workshop in addition to reading all the labels and following instructions on toxic or dangerous materials such as gases and chemicals (acids and bases). Third, employees should have and wear the recommended safety gears and clothing, depending on their ranks, station, the nature of the tasks and work environment. Examples of these safety gear and clothing are helmet, safety vest, safety shoes, protection mask and hand gloves. Workers should also only operate tools and machines for which they are trained. In addition, it is important that workers handle and drive vehicles for which you have been appropriately trained and licensed to handle. Defective tools and equipment should be reported immediately to the authorities. If these rules are observed and each stakeholder keenly executes his or her duties with the employer and the government playing their roles as is required of them, the automotive workshops in New Zealand will no doubt record hitherto un-achieved safety and health performance standards.

References

Abrams, H. K. (2001). A Short History of Occupational Health. Journal of Public Health Policy, 22(1): 80.
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2001). “Quality of Work: A future Community Strategy for Safety and Health at Work.” Retrieved on August 14, 2013 from http://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/forum/1/view.
Evans, N. (2010). Up From Down Under: After a Century of Socialism, Australia and New Zealand are Cutting Back Government and Freeing Their Economies. National Review, 46(16): 51.
International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) (2011). Children in hazardous work: What we know, what we need to do. International Labour Organization.
Mac-Crystal, J. (2003). 100 years of motoring in New Zealand. Hodder Moa Beckett Publishers Limited.
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (2012). “State of Workplace Health and Safety in New Zealand- September 2012.” Retrieved on August 20, 2013 from http://www.dol.govt.nz/whss/state-of-workplace/index.asp#fig2
Paton, N. (2008). Senior Managers Fail to Show Competence in Health and Safety. Occupational Health, 60(3): 6.
Winkelmann, R. (2000). The Labour Market Performance of European Immigrants in New Zealand in the 1980s and 1990s. The International Migration Review, (The Center for Migration Studies of New York) 33 (1): 58.

Burberry Internal and External Marketing Analysis

mrzee

February 24, 2021

Burberry Internal and External Marketing Analysis

Marketing Audit
(1) UK Fragrance Market & Burberry Corporation Ltd
(2) Internal &External Marketing Analysis
- PEST Analysis
- Porter’s Five Forces Model
(3) Benefits of Internal &External Marketing Analysis
(4) Challenges Faced by Burberry in Implementing the Models
Conclusion
Reference List

Introduction

Marketing Audit (MA) is a critical, systematic and impartial review and performance appraisal of the entire marketing operation (Brownlie, 2000). The appraisal will include the assessment of the objectives, policies, methods, operations, assumptions and the techniques employed to implement the techniques which help in achieving the objectives (Brownlie, 2000). MA would include internal analysis of the organization like evaluation of marketing activities, policies, functional procedures, core marketing mix elements and various other factors which affect the functioning of the organization. The audit includes careful analysis of the company’s strategic business units as well as the internal procedures. MA is prognostic in nature and provides recommendations for improving the performance, process and increasing the organizational outcome of the company. It would provide formal mechanisms of the systematic examination of internal and external marketing activities of the organization. It requires the usage of various tools which includes control charts that indicate the existing marketing situation and the crisis. A MA is useful to measure the various marketing crisis and also discover the various issues which lead to the increase in the sales of the company (Kling, 2000).The objective of the study would be to understand the concept of marketing audit and its effect on business activities. The author of the study would try to understand the utility and the method of conducting marketing audit in of the UK fragrance market. MA would be conducted to understand the internal functioning of the company. The chosen fragrance company is Burberry which is an UK based luxury fashion House.

Marketing Audit

According to Kotler (1977 cited in Kling, 2000), MA is a systematic examination of an organization’s marketing objectives, strategies and performance. The prime objective of the company is to understand the techniques that help in utilizing the resources of the company effectively and generate recommendations, which help in utilizing the existing process. MA lays emphasis on how effectively the marketing department performs its functions especially in areas of promotion and distribution. It can be performed by individuals within and outside the organization. The internal auditor can be senior manager or top manager whereas the external auditor could be expert marketing consultants, who have the potential of performing audit on a regular basis (SPA Professional Academy, 2010).The various forms of MA would include self audit, audit from across, audit from above, company task force audit and outside audit. The MA process would involve three major activities:

Pre Audit Process: This involves activities which determine who will conduct activities and the timings of the audit activities. It also establishes the scope, methodology and objectives.

The Audit Process

Data Collection: This requires the assembling of information about the macro environment, industry, marketing mix and the company. It is expensive and a time consuming process of the marketing audit.

Information Analysis: This involves evaluation of data collected in an attempt to provide an inclusive picture of the company’s marketing program.

(1) UK Fragrance Market & Burberry Corporation Ltd

The chosen market for the study is the UK fragrance market which is one of the most booming industries. It has been prospering in spite of the challenging economy and the net market sales increased by 4.5 percent and reached around £1.38 billion. The net sales of the UK fragrance market were larger than the mass market, which generated more than 82 percent of the market value (EuroMonitor, 2012). The highest revenue generator in the fragrance market was the female perfumes. New product development plays an integral role in the market and is the key in maintaining and creating consumer interest, for example, the seasonal and limited-edition products are important methods to attract potential customers. Female fragrances are the central arena for new introductions, which account for nearly two thirds of the new launches. In the year 2011 the net retail sales of fragrances in the UK grew by 7 percent to reach a market valuation of £1.1 billion. This was slightly less than the 8% value growth in 2010 (Key Note, 2012). Burberry is one of the most renowned fashion houses which specialize in manufacturing exclusive clothing line, perfume and toiletries collection. Burberry is a British based fashion house which is headquartered in London. The company was established in the year 1856 and the first clothing line was introduced in the year 1880 in the first store at Basingstoke (Burberry, 2013e). The main focus of the company is to launch an exquisite clothing line and perfume collection (Burberry, 2013b) The company has been successful in launching several innovative and fashionable clothing line and perfume collection since the past few years The company has come a long way since then and their stock was listed in the year 2002. They introduced its online store in October, 2006 (Burberry, 2013a).

(2) Internal & External Marketing Analysis

The marketing environment consists of the factors outside marketing that affect the marketing ability to establish and maintain successful relationships with its target customers. Marketing environment would constitute of factors which influence the company directly and indirectly. The marketing environment can be divided into macro and micro environment. The macro environment affects the company activities immediately and micro environment factors do not affect the company activities immediately. The micro environment factor comprises suppliers, distributors, competitors etc. Macro environment factors comprise demographic, economic, socio cultural and legal factors. Firstly, a macro and micro environment analysis would be conducted to understand the impact of the external factors on the business activities of Burberry.

PEST Analysis

The PEST analysis is instrumental in identification of the external threat faced by the fragrance industry at the present moment.

Political

Presently, the corporate tax rate in UK is 23 percent which has been revised recently by the government of UK (Government of UK, 2011). The government of UK has increased the corporate tax rate of the multinational companies to recover from the current economic slowdown. The established fashion house and fragrance companies have kept their plans on penetrating further into the UK markets on a hold.

Economic Factors

Currently, UK is recovering from an economic slowdown however; the fragrance market is booming and has been growing since the year 2011. The net sales of the fragrance industry increased by 4.5 percent and reached around £1.38 billion (Mintel, 2012). The growth of the fragrance industry has slowed down in the year 2012, but it still managed to generate revenue more than the mass market generating 82 percent of the market value.

Social Factors

The increase in the net sales of the fragrances signifies the popularity and demand of the product in UK. Due the economic slowdown the fashion house companies have started offering discounts and rebates on various fashion products. This has led to the common people of UK in indulging in several luxury and comfort goods (Key Note, 2012).

Technological

Technological innovation has helped in the manufacturing of high quality branded perfumes and fragrances (Burberry, 2013c). Technological investment in fragrance industry leads to the development of high quality and valuable fashion products meant for regular and occasional wear (Burberry, 2013d).

Porter’s Five Forces Model

Before developing marketing strategy Burberry needs to identify the forces which have an impact on the profitability of the industry. The five forces will be discussed as follows:

The threat of new entrants: Since, the fragrance market is booming the established fashion house companies like Versace, Chanel, Burberry plan to expand further and introduce new and limited edition ranges of perfumes for attracting potential customers. The UK fragrance market is expected to reach a market valuation of $45.6 million by the end of the year 2018 with new and innovative launches (Bodimeade, 2013).

Bargaining Power of Suppliers

The fragrance and perfume industry is totally dependent on the timely supply and delivery of perfumes for fashion shows, exhibitions and varies other reasons. The profitability of the industry has attracted several suppliers and the bargaining power of suppliers is very high in this industry.

Bargaining Power of Buyers

The fragrances and perfumes are usually high priced (Credit Suisse, 2012) and this is because huge amount of investment is done in developing a product. Each fashion product is unique and costly and therefore the customers are bound to pay higher prices for each of the fashion products. Therefore, it can be said that the bargaining power of buyers is very high in this industry.

Threat of Substitutes

Even though the fashion companies are offering fragrances and perfumes at a relatively lower price at the present moment the products are not easily affordable by the common people. The high price of the perfumes and fragrances has led to the emergence of fashion companies who manufacture products at a relatively lower price. The economic slowdown has lowered the purchasing power of the common people and they have started purchasing fashion products manufactured by local companies. The threat of substitutes is high in this industry.

From the above PEST and Porter’s Five Forces Model it can be observed that the expansion of established fragrance companies into the UK markets and the emergence of new companies into the market are presently favourable. However, the increasing corporate tax rate would hold their plans for expanding into the markets further. Thus, it would be advisable if Burberry plans to expand into UK markets by the end of the year 2016.

An internal analysis would help in identification and assessing the strong and weak points of Burberry which would lead to identification of the company’s current strategic position.

Strength

The company has a large network of retail, wholesale and licensing channels worldwide
It is one of the biggest fashion houses of UK offering exclusive perfume fragrance ranges.
It has been granted the Royal Warrants by Queen Elizabeth II and the Prince of Wales
The company has a strong brand presence and designed effective advertising techniques
The brand is sponsored by eminent celebrities like Emma Watson and David Craig

Weakness

The perfumes and fragrances are usually high priced and the target customers of the brand are usually customers with high income range.
The company focuses too much on the manufacturing of exclusive and occasional perfume wear instead of regular wear

(3) Benefits of Internal & External Marketing Analysis

The internal and macro environmental analysis has helped in identifying the current market situation of the fragrance industry and how Burberry can utilize its strength to the optimum level. These strategies will help to yield additional profits and develop strategies and garner attention from potential clients. Internal analysis would help in developing effective strategic planning by reviewing the present position of the company and consider the opportunities for investment purposes in valuable projects. The above internal analysis has helped in evaluating and examining the different aspects of the company by evaluating the business solutions, individual capabilities, customers and organizational capabilities. This internal analysis would help the management to review and assess the separate business aspects, which can improve the business situation. The PEST and Porter’s Five Forces model would help in developing effective business strategies and building competitive sustainable advantages. The management of Burberry would develop marketing strategies, which focuses on the manufacturing of regular perfume wear. High priced and exclusive perfume wear would attract only a handful of the customers hence, the management should develop strategies meant for attracting a larger customer base. The summation of the short, medium and long term benefits would be as follows:

	PEST & Porter’s Five Forces Model	Internal (Strength & Weakness)
Short Term	Helps in identification of the immediate faults and errors in the existing process (RICC Centre, 2012).	Whether the company has been able to yield the expected Return on Investment (ROI) and judge whether the company is able to yield good returns if there is effective implementation.
Medium Term	This will allow brain storming sessions, which can ultimately lead to the emergence of several new ideas and strategies. Brainstorming sessions will enable one to understand whether the employees can be team players or not (RICC Centre, 2012).	A competitor analysis would help the management in understanding whether Burberry of offering similar or non similar products of its competitors to its customers.
Long Term	This will help in identifying the potential markets for further expansion and yielding additional profits.	In this stage Burberry can develop strategies, which will help in evaluation of the existing product and service development process.

(4) Challenges Faced by Burberry in Implementing the Models

Although, the internal and external analysis would help in determination of the present strategic position of Burberry it is not necessary that the management would understand the concepts of internal and external analysis easily. It has been observed that the process of implementation is time consuming and quite costly. Thus, the management of Burberry should evaluate all the strategies with consideration to develop effective marketing plans.

Conclusion

Thus, it is observed that with effective implementation of effective marketing strategies the company can expand further into the fragrance market by laying emphasis on the manufacture of regular and occasional perfume wear. Although, the company is one of the most coveted fashion house of the world, marketing tools like PEST, Porter’s Five Forces model and internal analysis would help in determination of internal strength and weakness of the existing systems and procedures, which can be beneficial or hamper the productivity of the company. These models should also serve the purpose of a guide in accomplishment of the goals and objectives of the organization.

Reference List

Bodimeade, M., 2013. Global perfume market driven by the demand for celebrity inspired scents. Yahoo Finance, [online] 14 May. Available at: < http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/global-perfume-market-driven-demand-000000558.html > [Accessed 25 July 2013].
Brownlie, D.T., 2000. The marketing audit: A metrology and explanation. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 2(1), pp.04-12.
Burberry, 2013a. History. [online] Available at: <http://www.burberryplc.com/about_burberry/company_history?WT.ac=Company+History> [Accessed 25 July 2013].
Burberry, 2013b. Brand Business Culture. [online] Available at: < http://www.burberryplc.com/about_burberry/brand_business_culture > [Accessed 25 July 2013].
Burberry, 2013c. Leverage the Franchise. [online] Available at: < http://www.burberryplc.com/about_burberry/our_strategy/leverage-the-franchise > [Accessed 25 July 2013].
Burberry, 2013d. Pursue Operational Excellence. [online] Available at: < http://www.burberryplc.com/about_burberry/our_strategy/pursue-operational-excellence > [Accessed 25 July 2013].
Burberry, 2013e. Great Brand, Great Company. [online] Available at: < http://www.burberryplc.com/corporate_responsibility/great_brand_great_company?WT.ac=Great+brand%2c+great+company > [Accessed 25 July 2013].
Credit Suisse, 2012. Burberry Group. [online] Available at: < http://www.iseg.utl.pt/aula/cad602/Analise_Burberry_200403.pdf > [Accessed 25 July 2013].
EuroMonitor, 2012. Fragrances in the United Kingdom. [online] Available at: < http://www.euromonitor.com/fragrances-in-the-united-kingdom/report > [Accessed 25 July 2013].
Key Note, 2012. Executive Summary. [online] Available at: < http://www.keynote.co.uk/market-intelligence/view/product/10614/cosmetics-%26-fragrances/chapter/1/executive_summary >[Accessed 25 July 2013].
Kling, N.D., 2000. The marketing audit: An extension of the marketing control process. Managerial Finance, 2(1), pp.23-26.
Mintel, 2012. The Men’s and Women’s Fragrance Market. [online] Available at: < http://store.mintel.com/mens-and-womens-fragrances-uk-september-2012 > [Accessed 25 July 2013].
RICC Centre, 2012. SWOT Analysis and PEST Analysis. [online] Available at: < http://riccentre.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Session-1-Takeaways-Guidlines.pdf >[Accessed 25 July 2013].
SPA Professional Academy, 2010. The Marketing Audit. [online] Available at: < http://www.spa-pa.co.uk/downloads/resources/SPA%20Professional%20Academy%20-%20Marketing%20Audit.pdf >[Accessed 25 July 2013].
Government of UK, 2011. Corporate Tax Rate. [online] Available at: < https://www.gov.uk/corporation-tax-rates >[Accessed 25 July 2013].

Australian Poultry Chicken Industry Market Analysis

mrzee

February 24, 2021

Australian Poultry Chicken Industry Market Analysis

The Australian chicken industry has undergone phenomenal growth over the last 10 years, with an average of about four percent per year. Development rates are projected to continue growing at least five years and there are further projections that Australian chicken meat demand would rise by three percent in one year. This development amounts to 1,08 million tonnes. Increased chicken consumption in recent years has contributed to a rise in the development of chicken in Australia. Many think that chicken prices would go up because of high demand, but unexpectedly, market prices for chicken would stay considerably lower than for lamb, pork and beef (Nicholls & Paterson, 2008). Furthermore, the volume of chicken meat is expected to rise to some 1,2 million tonnes.

Around three-quarters of domestic chicken meat that are supplied in the Australian market are processed by two major processing industries. Over the total poultry production 95 per cent is chicken, the remaining per cent comprises of turkey and duck meat production. The vertical integration in the chicken meat industry is more as compared to other production in the livestock sectors. This leading business has a model whereby the processors provide both day-old chicks and feed for growers contracted to nurture the chickens over about five weeks. To increase productivity of the chicken meat industry, Australia has continued to import new genetic strains that enable producers to improve numerous traits (The Poultry site, 2013). These traits include the increase in meat yield per bird, feed conversion productivity and disease resistance. An individual in Australia consumes an average of 45 kg per person and there is a high probability that this will increase by 2014. This means that chicken consumption will remain competitive against substitute meats. In addition consumption of chicken meat is anticipated to grow to 47 kg by 2018 making it the most consumed meat in Australia. This calls for increased production of chicken and one of the chicken industries that is on the fore front to increase this production is the Victorian Chicken Meat Industry.

One of the key questions when it comes to Victoria’s chicken meat industry is its location. The broiler farms are located near the processing facilities of the company they are contracted to supply. This is where day old chicks are nurtured to slaughter weight. In addition, the need to reduce the transportation cost, improve access to infrastructure, labor, and the higher need to get near the customers has led to the processing facilities to be located near to metropolitan centers. Victoria’s chicken meat processing unit is located primarily in the Melbourne, Barwon, Gippsland, and Loddon regions. To reduce biosecurity risks the Victoria chicken industry has generally separated breeding farms from broiler farms (DEPI, 2013). Melbourne produces 64 percent of the total chicken production whereas the other remaining percent is produced in other production plants in Barwon (18 per cent), Gippsland (9 per cent), and Loddon (7 percent).

The Victorian chicken meat industry generally has investments across all the supply chain and thus making it to have a highly vertically integrated processing unit. This vertical integration ranges from breeding farms, feed mills, hatcheries, broilers farms, and processing plants. There are 224 businesses involved in chicken meat production under the Victoria chicken meat industry. There are around 200 broilers farm that grow meat chickens and work under the Victoria chicken industry where the processors retain ownership of the chickens throughout the supply chain. The victoria has a number of broiler farms that nurtures meat chickens and around 10 breeding facilities. At a single period the Victorian industry raises approximately 23 million broilers and 970,000 breeding stock. In every year there are about 128 million meat chickens and 1.9 million breeding chickens that are bred, raised, and replaced on a rotation batch basis.

The production of chicken meat happens in a number of production systems. These includes, conventional sheds, free-range and organic, so as to give consumers the best choice of chicken meat. There are different requirements in every system in relation to the mechanisms such as the use of purpose advanced fodder and antibiotics and the stocking density. In these different systems the subsequently retail price of the chicken and the costs of production are different. There are now four main processing companies under the Victoria chicken meat industry, which is as a result of consideration and rationalization. In addition, there are many smaller processors plans in Victoria chicken meat industry.

Around 134 million chickens were processed by Victoria Industry in 2011-2012. This was 234,400 tons of chicken meat that accounts to 24 per cent of Australian national production. This makes Victoria the second largest producer of chicken meat in the Australian market. In addition, Victoria poultry meat was at a gross of $ 487 million in 2009-2010. For over 50 years the Australian and specifically Victorian production of chicken meat has continued to increase steadily. The rise in domestic chicken meat consumption that was recorded in 2011-2012 matches the increased production of chicken in Australia. This high consumer’s demand is projected to remain high in coming years. However, even with the forecasted high grain prices and high consumption rates of chicken, the prices of the chicken are expected to remain substantially low that other substitutes meats. The carcass weight of a full grown chicken has increased from 1.6 kg to around 1.9 kg since 2000. This was the normal carcass weight for the retail and wholesale consumers chicken.

The domestic market consumes around 97 percent of chicken meat produced in Australia and thus surpassing the consumption of beef and veal. The consumption has increased from 4.4 kg in 1960 to 41.7 kg in 2010. This data makes Australia the second major consumer of chicken meat per capita after Brazil. All chicken consumed in Australia are locally produced. This is because the government has banned the importation of law chicken meat (Cordina Farm, 2006). Australia only exports 2 per cent of chicken meat. Over the past decades the consumptions has increased by a higher margin. At least every individual consumes chicken approximately three times a week. These chickens are nutritional with low fats and a significant source of daily requirement. Such requirements include niacin, iron, protein, B6, B12, Vitamin D, and Zinc. This industry has also helped a lot of people employing about 40, 000 people in Australia.

Chickens meals are very popular delicacies with Australians. It was until the 1960s that Australians started having chicken as a regular food in their homes. Peasant farmers kept chicken in their backyard for the production of eggs and to be eaten at special occasions and events. Availability of chicken to the Australian population was made possible by Coles and Woolworths, the two major supermarket chains in the country. As a result, during the 1980s, chicken prices drastically dropped and more Australians preferred to consume chicken meat to beef. The increase in the number of customers for chicken meat led to chicken producers to come up with a cooling system that was able to accommodate large numbers of birds by chilling them. This also allowed them to diversify the chicken into different forms to suit their clients. Due to its low cost of purchase, chicken became a common food for many households in Australia and all across the social classes (Ahlers, 2009). Supermarkets even started convincing consumers to consider replacing homemade meals by purchasing their cooked chicken as they advertised it as very clean, cheap and convenient for customers’ consumption

In addition to its low cost and convenience, chicken has also appealed to many Australians as the healthier option when compared to beef, pork and other red meat products. This is because other types of meat were readily associated with a lot of fat, coronary heart diseases and high levels of cholesterol. Marketing of chicken benefitted from the nutritional benefits associated with chicken meat. Producers and manufacturers of chicken meat benefit from the trend where customers tend to hold a preference for healthier food. Since chicken enjoys many health benefits, it is no wonder that clients over the social divide choose chicken as a staple food. Middle-class consumers however, prefer going back to backyard food production which includes rearing chicken for both meat and eggs. Most of the people in this group do this in an effort to cut down on costs of buying food that they can have it from their backyard.

In Australia, chicken consumption has been associated with progress. It is no wonder that leaders of the nation have been making promises to the electorate that they will ensure that they will be ‘a chicken in every pot’. Chicken meat offers mothers and children a favorite meal in the homes, which is not only enjoyable, but also very healthy. Consumption of chicken however depends on some external factors. This is because the consumers are more aware of their health options and they are also more knowledgeable about the food supply.

For a long time now, chicken has been perceived as a healthy option when compared to other kinds of meat. However, the most common method of cooking chicken is through frying. Unfortunately, fried foods have very close links with various diseases of the heart. Selling of fatty chicken is bound to drop as scholars highly vouch for other ways of cooking the chicken which do not include frying or deep frying. There are also fears that chicken may transmit bird flu. However, scholars and scholarly articles have reassured Australians that properly cooked chicken cannot transmit diseases. In addition, Australian chicken is properly vaccinated and it is illegal to import raw chicken so as to maintain healthy chicken production in Australia (Nicholls, Paterson & Waller, 2008). Consumers have also expressed fears concerning the production of chicken due to the type of food they are fed on and the additives given to them. When scientists and researchers inform consumers that the methods of feeding are unsafe, the consumers cut back on chicken consumption. If the researchers inform the public that the birds are fed well and kept under good conditions, the customers keep up the consumption of the chicken. This shows that the view of the scholars and meat experts matters a lot to the public and hence their comments affect the chicken market.

Consumption of chicken in Australia is highly embraced by people of all ages, religions and social circles. As a matter of fact, medical experts and health care professionals in Australia advocate for the consumption of chicken by the Australian population. This is because of the many health benefits that chicken provides to the human body. For instance, the baked lean chicken breast was found to provide over 85% of the daily niacin requirement for an adult. The lean chicken breast is also rich in protein, as it provides more than half of the recommended intake for everyone except teenage boys, whose protein requirements are very high. Children also benefit a lot from chicken breast as it provides the amounts of magnesium and zinc that is recommended (Dixon, 2002). Adequate amounts of riboflavin, around 10% are also found in chicken breast. Nutritionally, chicken fulfills a great part of the Australian diet. In addition, its high protein content helps the efforts of people who are keen on losing weight.

Socially, the chicken production industry has enabled thousands of households to earn their living for many years. This has helped many individuals to achieve a social standing with their peers. Farms and processing plants that house chicken processing farms sit on land that residential developers attach great value to. This is because they think of how to develop the land and build offices as well as residential and commercial houses. Neighbors who live close to chicken processing plants complain of the smell from the chicken excretes stating that it is a health as well as an environmental concern to them. There are concerns that aim at the animal’s welfare during the time that the transportation of the live birds is necessary (Nicholls & Paterson, 2008). Due to this, processing plants are now being located closer to the chicken farms, which are also closer to the residential areas of most customers. This raises environmental concerns for the people living close to these areas.

In conclusion, the abundance of easily affordable chicken is progressively being associated with some opinions regarding with making progress. For many Australian families, having chicken is a very efficient way of making a meal that is cost-friendly. For busy mothers who work full-time, chicken has become a quick-fix meal for their children. It is a dish that children love to have, as well as a nutritious meal for them. To a great extent, chicken has influenced the culinary culture of Australians that they regard it as a very healthy diet.

References:

Ahlers, C. 2009. Improving village chicken production a manual for field workers and trainers. Canberra, A.C.T.: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR).
Cordina Farm, (CF). Facts about Chicken – Products – Cordina Farms. 2006. Home – Cordina Farms. Retrieved July 17, 2013
DEPI, Department of Environment and Primary Industries. 2013. Victoria’s Chicken Meat Industry. Department of Environment and Primary Industries – Home. Retrieved July 17, 2013
Dixon, J. 2002. The changing chicken: chooks, cooks and culinary culture. Sydney: UNSW Press.
Nicholls, C., & Paterson, J. 2008.Chicken: the story of chicken in Australia. Cloverdale, W.A.: Kondinin Group.
Nicholls, C., Paterson, J. & Waller, R. 2008. Chicken : the story of chicken in Australia. Cloverdale, W.A: Kondinin Group.
The Poultry Site. 2013. Chicken Meat in Australia: Outlook to 2017–18 – Poultry Articles from The Poultry Site – The Poultry Site. 2013. Poultry, Poultry Health, Welfare, Diseases, Poultry News, Articles, Photos of Chickens, Poultry Photo – The Poultry Site. Retrieved July 17, 2013

US Hybrid Car Market Industry PESTLE Analysis

mrzee

February 24, 2021

US Hybrid Car Market Industry PESTLE Analysis

Hybrid vehicles have been a common topic of conversation over the last few years. Hybrid vehicles have their own place in the market today. Environmental interest and rising traditional fuel costs also driven market analysts to quest for other forms of driving vehicles. Currently, several firms are making, selling and designing electric vehicles. In short, a PESTLE study of the US electric car industry is provided here.

The Political Factors:

To date, political trends in the US in the production, selling and procurement of electric vehicles are beneficial to the industry. Politicians have set emphasis on a better climate as early as 1990, and you have expressed concern for air emissions. In 1990, the Clean Air Act was amended and pollution regulations were stricter (Wilson and Dilulio, 2008 p.561).

Today, fuel is linked not only to environmental problems, but also to national security concerns. President Bush raised worry in 2007 over America’s dependent on international crude. President Obama, the new president, is also worried. He needs to reduce America’s “Foreign Oil Addiction.” Obama updated environment policy in 2009 and pushed automotive manufactures to produce more fuel-efficient and pollution-free vehicles (Tan et al, 2012, p.3). The government is already offering tax incentives to electric vehicle owners (Boone and Kurtz, 2013, p 75).

It is evident from the above evidence that political views and activities are quite beneficial to electric cars in the USA. A stricter automotive pollution strategy suggests improved options for automobiles such as diesel cars with zero or minimum emissions.

Economic Factors:

The electric car industry in the USA may be affected by such economic conditions. America is increasingly relying on other nations for energy. If the consumption of domestic fuel is decreased, US oil imports would decrease. This would definitely reduce the US trade gap (Tan et al, 2012, p.4).

Environmental pollution and global warming have their costs. A country must take necessary actions to counter the effects of pollution and warming. This involves cost. Hybrid cars, which are more environment friendly, can reduce those cots (Tan et al, 2012, p.4).

Fuel expense is a burden to users of cars. People have to spend a considerable amount of their earnings on fuel. Since hybrid cars are more fuel effective, fuel money can be saved by people (Miller and Stafford, 2020, p.38). A hybrid vehicle costs more than a traditional automobile, however. Consequently, the initial high cost of buying may mislead prospective hybrid car buyers (Miller and Stafford, 2020, p.38).

For next generation cars, the government has provided separate budgetary allocations. This money is being invested on fuel-efficient and low-emission vehicle production. This reality is a great opportunity for the electric car company (Tan et al, 2012, p.4). It is also evident that most economic conditions will have a positive effect on the US hybrid car industry. Strong hybrid vehicle costs, however, may be a barrier.

Social Factors:

The hybrid car industry could be influenced by several social factors. The environmental pollution is linked with social issues like health. Conventional cars that emit more harmful gases cause more damage to human health. Hybrid cars emit a negligible amount of these gases. Therefore they are seen as more human health-friendly. Moreover, hybrid cars are silent. Noise has negative impact on health. In this aspect too, hybrid cars promote better health (Tan et al, 2012, pp.4-5).

Hybrid cars are now linked with social status. Reports show that US consumers buy greener products to improve social status. Consumers are even ready to ‘sacrifice luxury and performance to benefit from the perceived social status that comes from buying a product with a reduced environmental impact’ (Vaughan, 29 March, 2010). As hybrid cars are greener, owning a hybrid car will improve the owner’s social status (Vaughan, 29 March, 2010). Another social fact worth mentioning here is: women prefer electric cars. As hybrid cars are electric too, they are popular among women (Schiffer, Butts and Grimm, 1994, p.120).

Therefore, it can be safely said that social factors related to hybrid cars are very favourable for the industry.

Technological Factors:

Hybrid cars combine IC engine technology and electric technology to get the best and most fuel efficient results. IC engines burn more fuel and electric motors cannot generate enough power. But their combination can overcome both. During acceleration more fuel needs to be injected in to the engine. But in case of hybrid engine, the electric motor provides that extra power for acceleration; and thus, save fuel. In time of breaking energy is lost through friction. But in case of hybrid cars this power is converted to electrical energy and gets stored in a battery. During downhill riding too the surplus energy can be stored similarly in a battery. This stored energy could be used to provide extra power that is required to go uphill (Tan et al, 2012, p.5).

Though advancements in modern technology have made hybrid cars a reality, it still requires more improvement. Some incidents of hybrid cars getting recalled by the manufacturers for technological faults were seen in recent past (McCurry, February 9, 2010). The hybrid car industry seems to have enough technology to make hybrid cars a reality for people, but at the same time the industry need to conduct researches to improve them.

Legal Factors:

Some legal issues can also influence the success of hybrid car industry. There are some negative developments that can affect the industry. As hybrid cars are silent they might cause accidents. The National Federation of Blind of US objected that the silent cars will put the blind people, who rely on their hearing to spot an approaching vehicle, at risk (Tan et al, 2012, pp.5-6).

However, some legal issues are boon for hybrid car industry. For an example, the strict environmental laws on emission have given hybrid car-makers some added advantage over conventional car-makers (Boone and Kurtz, 2013, p 50-51).

Cities like New York are trying to make hybrid taxis mandatory for greener environment. At the same time their efforts are being legally challenged by the conventional taxi owners in courts (Grynbaum, February 28, 2011).

Environmental Factors:

Concern for environment is the main cause that spurred the development of hybrid cars. Hybrid vehicles use less gasoline and emit less emissions of greenhouse gases. The conventional cars emits harmful green house gases like CO2, CO, SO2 etc. in large amount causing global warming Thus hybrid cars are beneficial for environment (Anderson, and Anderson, 2010 p.107).

Not only air pollution, sound pollution can also be controlled by the use of hybrid cars as they are silent. Cities in US are getting more and more populous with time. Some streets are always noisy with vehicular traffic causing serious health problems to its dwellers. Legal restrictions on noise pollution can provide additional opportunities to hybrid car industry (Tan et al, 2012, p.6).

Increase in population in many US cities has increased the number of vehicles in those cities. This put the cities at greater risk of environmental pollution. This factor can accelerate the growth of environment friendly hybrid car industry (Anderson, and Anderson, 2010 p.107).

A fact the hybrid car manufacturers should always remember that, given a choice, many people will choose a powerful car over an environment friendly car. So, hybrid carmaker should constantly make improvements in terms of power and performance (Anderson, and Anderson, 2010 p.106).

SWOT Analysis

From the above discussion of the six factors a short and simple SWOT analysis could be performed by confining the analysis under only these six factors.

Strength:

The strengths are political support, economics of fuel, improvement in balance of payment of the country, enhanced social status of the owner, cutting edge technology, environmental rules that benefit hybrid car owner and makers and above all the environmental friendly performance.

Weakness:

The weaknesses of the hybrid car industry are high purchasing cost of the car, need for further technological improvements and comparatively inferior power and performance of the cars.

Opportunities:

New and stricter environmental laws will make buying and using of hybrid cars cheaper. Day by day people are growing more and more concerned about environment. This will influence them to opt for the greener hybrid cars. Moreover, only a fraction of car owners are using hybrid cars; there is a vast market open for this sector (Anderson, and Anderson, 2010 p.107).

Threat:

As discussed under the legal factors, there are some minor legal threats. Opposition of some people to the new technology is also a threat.

Effects of the Factors on Business Activities and Conclusion

Each of six discussions under PESTLE analysis above includes a brief discussion on how a factor can influence the hybrid car industry. Here a summery of them is made. The political factors of the hybrid car industry are favourable to the industry. Companies should lobby for more. Companies should take care of the high price of a hybrid vehicle while giving the customer more fuel economy. Companies should consider the social factors like enhanced social status of greener car owners, women’s preference for hybrid cars etc. while developing promotional campaigns for their cars. Every hybrid carmaker needs to improve their existing model and develop new models through constant research and development programs. The companies must try to win public favour by repeatedly telling people about the environmental benefits of the car. This will give the industry strength for fighting against the legal challenges it may face. This discussion could be concluded with a new hope of growth in the hybrid car industry.

References:

Anderson, C. D. and Anderson, J. (2010). Electric and Hybrid Cars: A History. Jefferson: McFarland & company Inc. Publishers.
Boone, L. E. and Kurtz, D. L. (2013). Contemporary Marketing. Mason: South western Cengage Learning.
Grynbaum, M. M. (February 28, 2011). City’s Lengthy Push for Hybrid-Engine Taxicabs Hits a Legal Dead End. The New York Times. Accessed on 27 May, 2013. Available at < http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/01/nyregion/01taxi.html?_r=0>
Miller, R. L. and Stafford, A. D. (2010). Economic Education for Conumers. Mason: South western Cengage Learning.
McCurry, J. (February 9, 2010). Toyota issues global recall of hybrid cars. The Guardian. Accessed on 27 May, 2013. Available at < http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/feb/09/toyota-hybrid-cars-global-recall>
Schiffer, M. B.; Butts, T. C. and Grimm, K. K. (1994). Taking Charge: The Electric Automobile in America. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Tan, J.et al (2012). PESTLE Analysis on Toyota Hybrid Vehicles. Accessed on 27 May, 2013. Available at < http://ic-tmt.utem.edu.my/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=25&Itemid=31 >
Wilson, J. Q. and Dilulio, J. J. (2008). American Government: Institution and Policies. Boston: Houghton Miffflin Co.

Target People of UAE World Expo 2020

mrzee

February 23, 2021

Introduction

United Arab Emirates is amongst the rich countries in the world, it comprises seven states known as emirates and ruled by Emir. UAE is one of the Key countries when it comes to international affairs as it strives to cultivate and make sure its image and reputation on the world is prominent. It also strives to prove itself in terms of power in a soft and more global way, UAE has withstood criticism on the utilization of physical space in the national pavilion. UAE has been implementing the theme of cooperation and unity through its Principles and practices of branding in managing its image which it has so far achieved (Wang & Sun 2012, Hayden, 2012). This commitment that it uses has been manifested in recent decades at the World Expo so far. In order to attract both the international at large and market the attention of the global population, she has taken up the Mega events in identifying and passing details about their nations name.

Diplomacy

While there seems to be a slight difference between product branding and national branding, it is possible to embrace the principle of logistics with the image of the country. In the design of national pavilions, Expo branding is largely apparent in national image strategies. The usage of brand awareness in this concept to analyse the reactions of visitors at the UAE Expo applies to sensations, emotions and behavioural responses. According to Hayden (2012), observers have helped extend the ongoing debate on the growth of the UAE and its soft power ramifications from a unique point of view, especially at the United Arab Emirates Expo.

Given the essence of the seven states in terms of the democratic structure and the context in which democracy is taken into account by other countries in the world, the UAE expo offers a forum for the nation to illustrate the degree to which it has moved in terms of financial strength. In addition, the Arab insurgency that affected most countries in the Arab world lead to international attention on United Arab Emirates as a region. This attention may be swept away if the country focuses to show its own image in such an international case. This can be accomplished in many respects, but most notably by the amount of tourists arriving for such an experience that provides the society and political positioning of the nations with eyesight. In the case of a well-attended and planned Expo, such a significant event will offer an unlikely chance for this rich State to carry a united all-inclusive diplomacy (Wang, 2008).

Specifically, the globe has placed the UAE at the frontline of supporting and aiding the least developing countries in the management of human rights and immigration labour.

In addition, this Expo will provide the nation with the huge and unique ability to categorically present the concept of world diplomacy in living with the times. Later on, a holistic diplomacy would finally be placed in motion, which in turn helped to establish a new age of diplomacy for the United Arab Emirates. According to Merkel (2014), World Expo is now seen as an avenue to strengthen public diplomacy and meet other countries and international organisations, it also shows that both economically and politically the host country powers, This Expo exhibition may end up helping to boost cooperation and reinforce established cooperation networks.

What to Put in a Pavilion

The atmosphere and the culture are imitated by the architecture and material of every pavilion. A Pavilion therefore should have details on the citizens of UAE plus their roots and background as well. It should be supplemented by videos on the earlier periods of Bedouin and others focused on oil exploration, demonstrating their culture. The Pavilion’s other striking feature is the focus on personalities involved in both sports and business, such as Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, who owns Manchester City, England’s major spending premier league club, and these are key and subject to a strong brand.

United Arab Emirates which is a member of the Arab League, can use this World Expo diplomacy can accelerate the tie of friendship between it and other countries; for instance, by displaying their culture. World Expo diplomacy can improve United Arab Emirate’s collaboration with other countries in area such as economy, trade, information and technology, culture, environmental and military protection; such elevates the country to respectable heights.

A case where people participate from other countries is a pointer to this as people from different countries attend having they high level of confidence, a pointer to good relations amongst the states of the United Arab Emirates. The United Arab Emirates is a United State that is known for its culture and its rich heritage coupled with its kind heart. It has always actively participated in all the major mega expos and its significant relevance was in China’s Shangai 2011. This is a major example of its friendliness towards creating a good cultural understanding. This too makes the host country relevant.

Target People

As the World Expo 2020 countdown starts as the UAE, along with Brazil, Russia, Thailand and Turkey, beat the deadline for entries, it is necessary to remember that after the FIFA World Cup and Olympics, the World Expo is one of the biggest worldwide, non-commercial activities in terms of cultural and economic influence. This indicates that the UAE’s economic and political strength is among the five candidates for hosting the mega Expo event. A record 90 percent of those attending the 2010 Shanghai World Expo came from the People’s Republic of China. The pavilion should be set up in a way that articulates the language of the host city and its country, taking this into account. Vincente Gonzalez Loscertales, Secretary-General of the BIE, in his description of precisely what an Expo is, notes that it is a show that is a showcase and that its key aim is to inform the public. He also takes into consideration that the Expo has clear advantages for both the host nation and others who want to exhibit it.

The merits vary from economic gains to a less countable one though less important roles in areas like culture and soft diplomacy. Hosting an Expo requires support both locally and internationally and the relationship between the host.Loscertales concludes by stating that Expos serves a powerful instrument of public and culture. Today Expos have been categorized into World Expos and international/Specialized Expos with the difference at the size of each of the expos and duration of the event.
Strategic position of the United Arab Emirates makes it a link between the East and the West, the North and the South and it would be the ideal venue for the 2020 World Expo as it has its host City of Dubai to boast for this. To emphasize on this, a recent address televised globally, the US president’s address to the third annual Global Entrepreneurial Summit held in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates praised the Country of seven states on its leadership and its people aim to achieve high standards of development. World economic powers like United Kingdom and France already have shown support to Dubai City as their favorite’s city. This makes United Arab Emirates in a pivotal position for hosting this Expo.

References

Hayden, C. (2012). The rhetoric of soft power: Public diplomacy in global contexts. Lanham,
Merkel, U. (2014). Power, politics and international events: Socio-cultural analyses of festivals and spectacles. London: Routledge.
Wang, J. & Sun, S. (2012). Experiencing Nation Brands: A Comparative Analysis of Eight National Pavilions at Expo Shanghai 2010. Los Angeles: Figueroa Press.
Wang, J. (January 01, 2008). The Power and limits of Branding in National Image Communication in Global Society. The Journal of International Communication, 14, 2, 9.

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ABOUT US

Risk Evaluation

Introduction

Risk Assessment Matrix and Methodology

Prioritizing the Risks

Quantifying Major Risks

References

Table of Contents

Summary

Introduction

Sustainability Strategy for Woolworths

SWOT Analysis

Woolworths’ Strengths

Employees

Assets

Policies

Products

Woolworth’s Weakness

Lack of Consultation

Engaging the Employees

External Factors- PESTEL analysis

Opportunities

Technology

Retail Market

Threats

Competition

Impact of Integrative Approach on the Future of Woolworth

Integrative Approach and Competitive Advantages

Recommendation

Conclusion

References

Cited Works

Introduction

Conclusion

References

Introduction

The Policy, Environmental and Economic Drivers for the Development and Operation of the Facility

The Magnitude and Significance of Potential Environmental Impacts Associated with Site Operations

Current Statutory Controls that Govern Site Operations Including a Review of the Powers Available to Regulators or Securing Compliance

Available Statutory and Non-Statutory Guidance Influencing Regulatory Decision-Making

Future Statutory Controls That May Influence Regulation of Site Activities

Provisions for Environmental Reporting Associated with site Operations

References

Introduction

The State of Workplace Health and Safety in New Zealand

Causes of Workshop Injuries and Illnesses

Workshop Accident and Injury Prevention Strategies in Switzerland

New Zealand Worker Health and Safety Laws

Recommendations

Conclusion

References

Table of Contents

Introduction

Marketing Audit

The Audit Process

(1) UK Fragrance Market & Burberry Corporation Ltd

(2) Internal & External Marketing Analysis

PEST Analysis

Political

Economic Factors

Social Factors

Technological

Porter’s Five Forces Model

Bargaining Power of Suppliers

Bargaining Power of Buyers

Threat of Substitutes

Strength

Weakness

(3) Benefits of Internal & External Marketing Analysis

(4) Challenges Faced by Burberry in Implementing the Models

Conclusion

Reference List

References:

The Political Factors:

Economic Factors:

Social Factors:

Technological Factors:

Legal Factors:

Environmental Factors:

SWOT Analysis

Strength: